AN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

THESIS PROPOSAL FOR MASTER'S PROGRAMME

1. NAME OF THESIS

“Maritime Conventions on piracy in the Gulf of Guinea “

2. RESEARCH QUESTION (PROBLEM)

Piracy has been prevalent in Indian Ocean and in the horn of Africa. In response to the threat, a number of
Conventions and other legal framework backed with a solid international community interventions were
enforced by states in a rigorous counter piracy approach. Therefore, Gulf of Guinea as the new piracy hotspot
affecting the shipping and the economic development of region has initiated several Conventions to counter
the vice. Despite legal framework, piracy remains rampant in the Gulf of Guinea and creates doubt on the
effectiveness of Conventions to sufficiently counter piracy which has been obstructed by the insufficient
intervention of the international community. In this regard, the role of regional and international cooperation
to counter piracy has gained prominence as an effective mechanism as remarked in Malacca Straits, Somalia.
It is against this backdrop that this thesis will examine the effective mechanism to combat piracy alongside
with Conventions in the Gulf of Guinea.

3. SUBJECT OF THE THESIS

This thesis analyses the implementing counter piracy in the Gulf of Guinea in comparison to the Malacca
Straits and Somalia piracies.

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4. PURPOSE OF THE THESIS

Accordingly, this thesis aims at evaluate the implementing antipiracy in the Gulf of Guinea in comparison to
the Malacca Straits and Somalia piracies. To do so, normative framework like the United Conventions of the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) will be analyses in addition to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts against Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention) adopted to fills the gaps of the UNCLOS .To provide a
clear comprehension of the counter piracy in the GoG, Malacca Straits and Somalia will be examine
bringing forwards their differences in interventions with the current piracy hotspot. Furthermore, local and
regional contributions existing in the GoG will be scrutinized. Thus, the international community intervened
but its efforts remains insufficient to counter the threat in the region. Therefore, factors such as insufficient
efforts of the international community, lack of political will, unprotected coast, internal issues lack of
knowledge and infrastructures etc…will be discussed as promoting piracy in the region. Additionally, some
suggestions will be made to states, international community and stakes holders regarding the improvement
of the situation in the GoG.

5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS

Sea offers natural communication network connecting the world into one global village and GoG is one of
the crucial trade route interlinking Africa with Asia and Europe. Therefore, this thesis gives an insight into
the antipiracy of the Gog. It also highlights differences in implementing the GoG antipiracy in comparison to
Malacca Straits and Somalia piracies. Furthermore, the existing institutions and local and regional
cooperation of the GoG still unsatisfactory to deal with the vice except the international community
intervene at the same level as it was the case for the Malacca and Somalia. In addition, several issues should
be addressed to reestablish the safeguard of the maritime environment. To do so, states should work hand to
hand with the international and neighboring states as well as ratify useful Conventions and implemented in
adequacy to IMO recommendations.

Thus, the goal of the current analysis is to crystallize acquired knowledge in a way that adds to or fills a void
in the literature on maritime security in the GoG. Besides academic purposes, it is hoped the findings and

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recommendations will be a source of information to governments on the importance to develop the maritime
shipping industry.

To the end, the results of this study would widen the knowledge of existing bodies on piracy; the lessons
learned from the international anti-piracy operation in the Gulf of Aden and Malacca Straits could contribute
to policy reform by providing insights on constructive anti-piracy operation in the West and Central Africa
states.

6. THEORETICAL SCOPE

A) TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Implementation, Maritime Conventions, piracy, Gulf of Guinea, Malacca straits Somalia, International
community

B) THEORETICAL DISCOURSE

In this thesis, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts against Maritime Navigation, it amendment the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the
Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, and other significant Conventions will be used
in addition to IMO guidelines, United Nations Resolutions Councils, national and regional codes and
regulations of states of the GoG. Also, some courts decisions and the topic will be analyzed in the light of
international law of the sea.

C) RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To achieve the above objectives, the thesis will ask the following questions:

a. Whether maritime Conventions alone are sufficient to contain piracy in the GoG?

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 b. What anti-piracy strategy helped to counter piracy in the Malacca Straits and the Somalia?

c. What factors increasing piracy in the GoG and hinder the implementation of maritime
Conventions in the West and Central Africa?

7. METHOD

A) POPULATION AND SAMPLE

In this thesis, although the subject is presented theoretically, United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Maritime Navigation, it amendment the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, and
other significant Conventions will be used in addition to IMO guidelines national and regional codes and
regulations of states of the GoG, United Nations Resolutions Councils will be used in this direction. The
subject will be examined in the light of the Conventions regarding to the international law of the sea the
relevant regulations will be compared with other legal arrangements and the discussions on the subject of the
thesis will be discussed.

B) METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

This research utilizes a qualitative research design plus an inductive approach to effectively adjust finding
throughout the research and establish answers to the research questions. The research will further employ
secondary data from various international officials’ bodies such as IMO, United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nation (UN) and ICC as well as books, articles, reports,
journals. The qualitative methodology together with secondary data will illustrate role of Conventions to
counter piracy and provide insights on the obstacles for the implementation of Conventions in the GoG and
factors enhancing the crime in the region.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACADEMIC SOURCES (in the same format as requested)

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 A) PRIMARY SOURCES

1- International Conventions

United Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982)

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Navigation (SUA Convention1988)

Resolution A.1025 (26) (Annex, paragraph 2.2) on IMO's Code of Practice for the Investigation of the Crimes of
Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships

IMO's Code of Practice for the Investigation of Crimes of piracy and armed robbery.

IMO guideline on MSC.1-Circ.1333-Rev.1

UN resolution-2440-2018-authorizing-six-month-extension-united-nations-mission

IMO guidelines Resolution.MSC.324

IMO guidelines MSC.1-Circ.1334.

IMO guidelines on MSC.324 (89)

UN Resolution 1816 of 2008

UN Resolution 2664 of 2018

UN Resolution 2093 (2013).

UN Resolution 2442 (2018)

UN Resolution 1851 of 2008

UN Resolution2554 (2020)

1. Regional agreements

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The Yaoundé code of Conduct on the Repression of Piracy in West and Central Africa

The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (Sea

Regional RECAAP)

The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the establishment a sub-regional integrated

Coast Guard Function Network in the West and Central Africa

The Djibouti Code of Conduct and the Jeddah amendment to the Djibouti Code of Conduct

CEMAC code of 2012

2. Nationals code and regulations

The Nigerian Merchant Shipping Act, 2007

The Benin Maritime Code 2011

The Lome charter

Decree n° 99/129 of June 15, 1999 concerning the organization and functioning of the Consultative

Committees of Orientation of the port activity of Cameroon

Law N° 2008/001 of 14 April 2008 to amend and supplement some provisions of law N° 96/6 of18

January 1996 to amend the Constitution of 2 June1972 of Cameroon

3. Court Decisions

The ‘Lotus’ Case (France v Turkey) (PCIJ Series a No 10)

Republic of Bolivia v. Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co [1909] 1 KB 785, at 796-7)

The Council Decision 2010/96/CFSP of 15 February 2010

The Council Decision 2012/389/CFSP of 16 July 2012 on the European Union Mission on The Regional

Maritime Capacity Building in the Horn of Africa (EUCAP NESTOR)

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 The Joint Council Decision 3/2003, 11 December 2003

A. SECONDARY SOURCES: DOCTRINE

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Dr. Rene Moelker, the Dutch Approach and the Expeditionary Formula. The Comprehensive Approach,
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Foreign Policy Yearbook August 07 2009 pp79-102
Andersen, Lars Erslev. Piracy in the Gulf of Aden: Reflections on the Concepts of piracy And Order. DIIS
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Martin N Murphy, ‘Petro-Piracy: Oil and Troubled Waters’ (2013) 57 Orbits 424, 433.
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