A AL Cuenca, BondING (te) An tonte, bond: An tonite ond o the mutual electrostatic altiachin between the positive won ye metal ond mapatie, ion of a men-mélol Te "8 formed by the tony % ebdrony eg. = [™] - (+d) Geet it Te rg dhe athotin betwen shored poured % elechiong anol the uel’ y atoms, Tt 1s formed by the shorn ¢ elecbens Y ten lms. Eash, olom Supply ene elechon fp dhe bend. 7 Om A datin, lend ss the co covalint “ppp ae aobrch both Uecenh comme from Zhe frome olor . i Z Scanned with CamScannere9.— : 4) N wb, 4 G Supra. bond } The Lod oul’ from pad on -overlop Befweenr orbitals, are called atgma bond @)E bond: ; is : Pe ‘bond aries from’ alin overtop od: Brbrtaby. e x- bend. Ge) nstegr tnd : Te. ahadup befetin. ade nycbegue alam, . Scanned with CamScannerqd otqqe, me thopen, on flowune ur onther mol cule ‘Scott hy olnepen bond. & ey ie 4 One Ho -H—~O | ce H Ht Ss of , ape en bind # Dot and rode. diagram a carhen Panewide: one dative bond is formed by donediig ane por 4 dksheon from orJgen fo canton, # Pot and cross ciagnarm + alum nium chlonde + Aly ‘ey + Alig Ala Ay Scanned with CamScannerFAL. Shew, dot and cross heagram Pr O,, Bre, Tn, NMy. WoO; Vy 5) He, O,, Oz Me Pel, , SiUly , HBr, Pils 5 Hyp HI Ps; TOF. Scanned with CamScannerScannet d with CamScannerBP 5dr l i the) , Shoo det anid erote sagaern ci ss Not, Mod, , &Br pg, ao, fol,, @l,, Mabry DY fee flat, yal +; oon ke Sp tk ak or . Ciel bal ied Br 19 pedi deta” Pehla” Scanned with CamScannerOO os Bally f ja +2 [ay [ree7 [¥] [acy Mages an Mths, wa fee Dg ete opr H Draw a det ard cress diagram for eb hone tie, Ctl, Hy SH. and ir amonowde . Scanned with CamScannerGy Propirties ag tomit compounds] substances : 1 omit compounds are erystalbint. golidls..\ 2. Thay hows bngh mail and. beftcg points ae They On a ¥ wnh. Ae “They ‘conduct eats: rohan molten ‘on anole 51 thiy ore aibte | ea eae tohant lee 6. Thay ore mon- vofat'te. : @ Proprten 4 covalent compousals | subs tameth + 1 Covalent errpoundrs ore bgurds and. qos. 2. Thy howe Jor vulhing and: bol eig fonts. 3. Thuy ore eonsist, of male cules 5 4. thay oly met conduct “elecbrierty. VN. 5. they are soluble i» non polo solvent # Elchricol cen dash uty : + Tenie_com pounds ; Tonic wmpount do mob wn duct cheetaeecty Whén ur U~ Gold stale, has is heoue toms ome paeol wm te Scanned with CamScannerAottite andl an mot -able fre move, When molten, on wane compounol wn duch et “ Seoaurse U~ 100d ahe fre do moi - / » Metab : Pelt conduct eleshiecly bot, wher solid and whan chu 1 feanuse. thee elaloraland Caton’ oft ' mol . fra te more. + dGuoltrt_tompourda ' Coaduntly pended substances” wi'th a simple moheulod shueluke dy mot conduct eledhety Thai's 1's becouse "ty have nether tong moh elcheng whebl are free dh move. fh Hy bre cesar : The process 4 mening alvmi orbital, ia calteol hy bre di'sabeon . And orbitals whith ore Fonmeal ov hy bac dischion process we ale hybrid ortctals, PTO Scanned with CamScannerPxecl alert i“ ee rewtas | erdy'tals_ (atl exbitnll | | | 1a + 2p orbitala + Intermol ular forus 5 : Molweules interool with, each other... These Irtaoctiors are call inter mofe cular Portes, DB Thon are Abre apes % intr molecule Zur : CD van dln Waals” Joreer / cis persien press | enporany dipole duced Avpole pores, Ui) Paxmanunt clipele - hrpole forus. > C9 Hy drogen mee D> Relative shag ¥ these ntrmoh lor forus ond oUsr bonds; Scanned with CamScanner4 3 Fonte bending > eornlunt toning D hyde bonding > olspele - dnpole pore o ton -dar paals? ry 2 \ pores. CO yar dos wsals’ forces : Momentary wn kalone or ielactren olunse' asp wrdluces lypole wr adjount moh ath. “ond pesulls bv attrachion , ereates olsspursion pores. ou St a= -- - Za=es T ' Ig Figs van der woals forces between Chlorine . van Av Woals’ Forces urertares awd - re ee ees tip Camere mumbr 9 ehechons ur U- moheuile , a imereasing Ure aruba. conta ports betwen U~ mole cults — cortack point A'\ ares praces whos the moh cules close sag clhth. Scanned with CamScannerExample: fo point dreruses & > A SU, S Ne bg has IGN = /2Q elachors Py bon 15D Y = 60 Eg 142 2 BY ye hor fon) = 10 Penta bot ving powl 36 @ amore contact prints : vontael pane UH. CH, Wry ; OH; a Ne a Se cigs ° ~ rey og Hy want, Sarat Ayo = deere thyl propene boriking pont 10% less eontast pornts Scanned with CamScannerb fermamnt dipste ~pamanant dipole ae > 4 Wo & $y &. Number. | cechons i # Sernetune ¥ dranond , Grpnte and sodkum chlosiols , oe Grephene a serge ‘wy [moreloyer crophene i's one hay % grophite oh urdividual Jayer 4 frophiée 1 Scanned with CamScannerSaf Uses anol prpatis of graphene: Cid Flotbte elechont$ a) only dnevdlera tick or enduch teeter Lf 4 ke \ ass (19 Transparent “ehctsder an comby mt, dom tisk Oe 0 eomelutls electric of Ga onsdalion resent Layer. as"! unriach've: j i @ pits eregt aa i's spe rh tonditty eleibri ¢ A 13 dunabk. Fe Souchone Structure. oY eee cee gh fe, he sndae molecules Onn bald in righ Aeon cach othr water moheule “y fe hy chegun. 4 sz, Landed, to foo SULS,.2 Ths 1s vy ordirnd ond oper Sache. 4 ‘ 54a } 5 4 H fs | fo H—O- \ ! a _—? . 8 he tk o-W js ‘ ! ' ‘ H ‘ : ao a H-o oH Hl ae 4 Fig: Giiuefpune of ite, Scanned with CamScannerFk Structore 4 diamond: ‘ Tr dxamond, dhe cubon aloma am atergel ur a theahedel manner. Ea carbon alam “a covaliacelyy” bindu, Ao four. GUL arben aloms | hs type 4 bored esl ro oghoud he crystal qe Teens WA, denrenston ah eneluke. Dut to the \ province. 9p hong covalent, bend A, al wey pod. AU the wrborn alems efechers Oe wrrolved wm covalan(~ enol Formotion, Thine ort mo free or mobile secon , 0 packs hence aeamond. olaer. mol condocl ouibienly bruce: brant tal Covalent Scanned with CamScannerPA hon o ou: In grorhte, “the cwrbon aloms an aranged w dae pin oy ayers, oh sheets ¢ romp Se aloms, The shects on piitil uy top oy orth other ut Us ore no covalent bonds betwen tere. Thay are bul tog Aer only fe rank forces _— ot. Wools? ores, Foch. carbon alerm ~ a Myr a covellndly bende to only the ster carbon odor. The spite relynee ‘eleshen ia free “bo mone. Ths makes grphite a eed tom dochos Ci baat and sedi, 2— byes 4 akon Chom arranged. we cong s Scanned with CamScanner# shuehon y sodium chtarsde : = Th sodium. chloride, earth sodium tom ny ; Bo swrowrdid by six chlontle (ul) tm, Laake chlomde (4-2 wn i surrburraleo by sie. Sodium (nat) an, Shehuime : Cubic benching ! Jonie ae Nat ‘ aw “ ‘ ¥ a 4 aie . ok ae fe wat | ol 7 wit net i a Spot p NYP — i ee we | a pet ! Scanned with CamScannerVoces Struchre + Metal cs qt SUE uthre of positive tons Suppouvded by a ea 4 dalocal'ned th bonh. @ © @ @ @ e 29 °@ £6 °@e @ 9° OO OR c e i: Metalic Secneton Geet Hy qha abt roclon be hween postive qretal wn anol wa dun and electrons 15 oulecl onetole-e tendo. 6 @ “@ @ cat eg &@ <6 e€O@e £B © e@ eQ@*¢Ose "SI ISS F 2 Be coy re Scanned with CamScannerH Shopr 4 poleales anc wor : VSEFR theory (Valente shell, Eluchon (O01 Pepetsion): ” ite olutens pais both Jone pairs abel shoud pers , Surrounoliag Ue enhal atom wi be amnareed du space) ar for apart as possible Lo mencimese he eeehas ot wyilotin nelween them? Aucsteting BB VSEFR theory ; 09 Multip. bondlr fehave 48 A nage ober on pour bond. hey represent a Seg rene 3 elechena. CO Onde 4 repulion D+ bp-lp > 4p-bp> be-bp ‘ elechon repulsion. \ Troe br pais: He te orn tito bencls pas bureundring “Ue cudhal ctor, the shape of “the. molecule wk be ' Hiner, anol bond arate : eg Beryllium diehlorcde (Belg) is a beak : moheuli oxrol “fond angle Wa (180°) 190° g——— Be Scanned with CamScannera. Thu bond pou x der ore thre lords pours seevesedon the certal dlom, the Shoe % th mole cule Vas he agonal planar. ark ford. orgle § /20° Eeample: Boren Wehlonide (Bx) & Higordl planar. and bord omg. ts (20° a ° 60. 120 aaa 120 a 3. four benol pair: ta a Pour benals pours Sunrsundwng the Cental thom , thr shape 4 the mslecule vwi'll fe tethahacral amd bend angte 1's 109° 5°, H H Re ° ZI H H Hu a XH Scanned with CamScanner4A. Five bord. pos | SN 4X SAL OL pu bends pasns Sumounding the eds alim , te Shope Y. thy mole aude woh be taponah bipy ramicniol anol bond ange i's BRo® and 96° Eaompte: Phosphonur penta chloe (Pets) a eponal bipy ramvd'al mokeule . fre bends an at a /20" mW a plane , wit foo otmrs a6 90° bh d's plone, Scanned with CamScannerKx bend pours ; 4 Use ore six bends pars surrounding “the cectrol alom, “thr Shaye y the amole cule verte wit be cotabechat and bond argu. 90° and 10° Feampte: Sullur, harefiourialt (55) in A octahedral ao lead and bona anger fe) 90%, nT eros BYERS) os F "ge gee beet ath il ain le pair So yo Win ae tee bondh pats andk ene deme pair Susrouncling “the antral alorr y a amodeaile, the shape up the muoeuilee Shouldl. be tela bachal and kendl argh te 109:5°. > But According to vsE fR Usery , Ip-bp a bp ep election repulsion So the NAH ond angie i's Cerrone werapreeseel Abight ty fo 107° fora the eeraheclral’ anges ¥ 109-5 andl Saga hes taken py ramichial i Scanned with CamScanneree Example: Apmmonwa (Ha)? py rental rola ule an . onl angle is J07° i 20 J fms OE, Hn H here pour”: 7 Fito book pie tite dere path; TL UP2 are teow bontl poars and (70 Lone, pore seerg the wxbal alom yn molecule, athe shape ey the mobecsita should be eebahadial anc bond ange 109° 5°, Bat accor ching Le VSEPR sory ehiben pypelsur . $0 ts H-o-H 104:5° jrom the ~eliahsdrol taken U-Shape. pp bp» bP bone angle compressed to ange g 109-5° ape ohape has exanple? pater Cyd) 18 V-shaped molecte and benol : angle 13 14 5° : repeclissn x ined se wiaal Bo ICE Be H owe Scanned with CamScanner/$ Four boncl pots and two One pews! t eho ase once ig pots and 2 Mone pers, the bended pais or 90° in the plane amd the done pours ot 180°) The’ angte are stilt exacHy 90" feecure the Lene pours ne opposite each ott $0 dk repudecon cancels oud . poeta whch ade pt cths's shope sore dard. de be Bywrr plane. \ Fg. - teFy, Fy, Scanned with CamScannerFE Fe shoes y tons vith. _qmiltyple bonds : : = Praltiple bonds between bho ad a site bord, y Pony 4 these pare more than eaht efectrom> un the odd Shah oy the eval stan , 50 Wey ole at ep obey otel rule. a + a NH, ! | 4 = ac \ ) tetrahaohal HOH \ 6 ‘ae a os : Ci) Nb, : Bi q ie 4 ISR of” Ny oO No ShoyPe : augenat plenar yO Ror a. = -2 Cuy uy = - s 07 Sy porrobacal o Scanned with CamScannerEA Draw the hope amo bord angie t the faewg: Bd, Bet, , Co, WHa, H,0, Puy, Bry, . + Hy”, Sid, | PU, | NNy*, Bie’ eS values Jor the HCH and 8 Give Ue appromimate Justhy yout answers et bral angles in methanol, \B Grive. the ofp roes'mate values for te HH anol “CEH hencl amghs in ethanvol (cits cy SH) , Justity you, answer. Ansew?: OD Bet B43 Peer pjias trae re Body tA190° : suman SF fo EE a4 Scanned with CamScannerfae + Linear oo HIG + py ramidsod Lose bg + ve shaped eatd?s : trionad pyraracclaad, Scanned with CamScannerB65 7 at Br AS or Bi fer? : H3® o 7 nH” SH SA gy a ! ° a’) 49'S eet a ce s Ha $ rig A “HN, lous oye Shepeol eopte + pyramiciod colt ge Pees + £etrrhecdrol Deze Scanned with CamScanner