Topic:

Carbohydrates
CHD
CHD
CHD
CHD
CHD

DNA RNA
Calculations
DNA RNA
DNA RNA
Mammalian heart
Mammalian heart
Mammalian heart
Mammalian heart
Calculations
Membrane permeability
Membrane permeability
Membrane permeability
Membrane permeability
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
Protein concentration investigation
CP4
Respiratory system
Dissociation curve
Water
Enzymes
CVD
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
DNA RNA
DNA RNA
DNA RNA
Semi conservative replication
Semi conservative replication
Semi conservative replication
Semi conservative replication
Osmosis
CVD
CVD
CVD
Mammalian heart
Mammalian heart
Mammalian heart
Transport System
Transport System
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Gene Expression
Gene Expression
Blood Clotting
Gene Expression
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Cell Transport and Diffusion
Cell Transport and Diffusion
Mutation
Mammalian heart
Mammalian heart
CVD
Urea Cycle
Urea Cycle
Urea Cycle
DNA RNA
Mammalian heart
Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzymes
Lipids
Enzymes
Enzymes
Define
Define
Dissociation curve
Dissociation curve
Dissociation curve
Dissociation curve
Genetic screening
Genetic screening
Genetic screening
Inheritance
Mammalian heart
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
Gene Expression
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting
Lipids
CVD
DNA RNA
Mammalian heart
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Protein
Dissociation curve
Cell Membranes
Cell Membranes
Water
Membrane permeability
Gas Exchange
Cell Transport and Diffusion
CVD
CVD
CVD
Enzymes
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Gene Expression
Lipids
Genetic screening
Atherosclerosis
Blood Clotting
Inheritance
Inheritance
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis
CVD
Mutation
Define

Protein
Cell Transport and Diffusion
Mutation
Mammalian Heart
Protein
Genetic screening
Protein synthesis
CHD
CHD
CHD
Sex Linkage
Carbohydrates
DNA RNA
DNA RNA
DNA RNA
Mutation
Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic Screening
Protein
Protein
Mammalian Heart
Cell Transport and Diffusion
Cell Transport and Diffusion
CVD
CVD
CVD
CVD
Mutation
Mutation
Sickle Cell
Blood clotting
Enzymes
Mammalian Heart
Mammalian Heart
Protein
Protein
Protein
Lipids
Cell Transport and Diffusion
Lipids
Lipids
Mutation
DNA RNA
Lipids
Cardiac Cycle
Calculations
Calculations
Calculations
Mammalian Heart
Mammalian Heart
Mammalian Heart
Enzymes
Calculations
Mammalian Heart
Gas exchange
CVD
CVD
Protein
Carbohydrates
DNA RNA
CP3
Water
Protein
Protein
Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis
CVD
CVD
Cell Membranes
Cell Membranes
Cell Membranes
Cell Membranes
Lipids
Mammalian Heart

Mammalian Heart
Inheritance
Inheritance

Mutation
Genetic screening
Question
Name the reaction that joins two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide
Explain why the risk calculator takes into account total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels.
Explain why the 10 Year CHD Risk would change if this person ticked the box next to the ‘Patient smokes’ on the risk
State one other factor that the risk calculator should include to improve the accuracy of the value for the 10 Year CH
Predict the effect that taking this factor into account would have on the value for the 10 Year CHD Risk.
A person used this risk calculator. Explain why the value obtained for the 10 Year CHD Risk may be an underestimate

Each single strand of a DNA molecule is synthesised from mononucleotides. Draw a diagram to show two mononucl
The
The pitch is the
diagram length
shows theofstructure
one complete turn in
of thymine thefour
and double
otherhelix.
bases,There
P, Q,are 10 base
R and pairsP in
S. Bases one
and pitch.
S can (i) Calculate
form th
three hydro
form two hydrogen bonds each. Explain which of the four bases P, Q, R or S is adenine.
Compare and contrast the structure of messenger RNA (mRNA) with the structure of transfer RNA (tRNA).
The blood vessel labelled X is a branch from the aorta. The aorta is one of the major blood vessels of the heart. (a) E
The diagram shows the internal structure of a mammalian heart. Explain which stage of the cardiac cycle is shown in
Draw arrows on the diagram to show the flow of blood through the left side of the heart and into the aorta.
The graph shows the changes in the internal diameter of the aorta during two cardiac cycles. Explain the changes in
Calculate the volume of this liposome, using the formula
Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in liposomes.
How does glycerol pass through the liposome membrane?
Describe the effects of cholesterol and temperature on membrane permeability, as shown in the graph.
Explain why cholesterol and temperature affect membrane permeability.
Describe the effect that the movement of phosphatidylserine into the outer layer will have on the content of phosp
Describe how the movement of phosphatidylserine into the outer layer results in the production of thrombin in the
Thrombin inhibitors are drugs that have an effect on the time taken for blood to clot. Explain why thrombin inhibito
The insectsinwere
molecules removed
tissues from afrom each
healthy galltissues
leaf, beforefrom
the investigation. Suggest
a leaf with galls and inwhy
the the insects were removed from the
galls themselves. Explain the results of this investigation. Use the information in both graphs and the table to suppo
The respiratory system of an elephant is different from that of other mammals. The lungs are attached to the chest
Explain the difference in the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin for a mouse and for an elephant. Use the in
Draw a diagram of a water molecule to show its dipole nature.
Describe the effect of temperature on the solubility of these three salts
The table gives some information about four fatty acids. Explain which of these fatty acids would have the lowest ris
One anticoagulant binds to the active site of thrombin. Explain how this drug reduces blood clotting
Molecules on the surface of platelets enable them to bind to other molecules. One of the antiplatelet drugs affects m
One thrombolytic drug converts plasminogen into the active enzyme, plasmin. Plasmin breaks down fibrin. Explain h
Explain why only five amino acids are coded by this sequence of bases.
Explain why some amino acids, such as alanine, have more than one genetic code
Explain the role of the other three genetic codes
State what is meant by the term semi-conservative replication.
Name one enzyme involved in semi-conservative replication.
Explain the importance of semi-conservative replication in the production of new cells.
Complete the table to show the percentage of the total number of DNA molecules containing heavy nitrogen only, l
Explain what the solution of sugars should contain to preserve pineapples. Use the information in the table to suppo
Explain how dietary antioxidants reduce the risk of CVD.
Explain whether eating dark chocolate is likely to reduce the risk of CVD more than eating milk chocolate. Use the in
Describe how a study could be designed to collect valid and reliable data on the effects of eating chocolate on the ri
Explain why the heart of a giraffe needs to be so large.
Draw a labelled diagram of an artery, as seen in section
Explain why the arteries near the heart of a giraffe are highly elastic
Explain why very narrow capillaries prevent excessive bleeding.
Explain why smaller red blood cells increase the supply of oxygen to the legs.
Name the covalent bond that joins two amino acids in a condensation reaction
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is involved in translation. The amino acid AzPhe requires a special tRNA molecule during the sy
The R group of phenylalanine is smaller than the R group of AzPhe. Suggest how inserting an amino acid with a large
Draw a genetic diagram to show the genotypes and corresponding phenotypes of the baby rabbits produced if two h
Fill in the table about blood clotting components describe its role, and its solubility
Haemophilia A is inherited in a similar way to red-green colour blindness. Explain why more males than females are
State two conclusions that can be made about the relative sweetness of monosaccharides and of disaccharides.
Amylose and amylopectin are components of starch. Compare and contrast the structure of amylose with the struct
Pseudopodia are formed by cytoplasm flowing towards the membrane and changing its shape. (i) Explain why the m
Explain how the uptake of substances would be affected if the amoeba increased its number of pseudopodia.
Explain the possible effects of these three types of mutation on the amino acid sequence coded for by this length of
Explain how arteries are adapted to reduce resistance to blood flow.
Explain how arteries are adapted to accommodate sudden increases in blood flow.
Explain why a reduction in the compliance of a blood vessel can lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Draw the structure of the amino aspartate
Explain why several enzymes are involved in the urea cycle.
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an inherited genetic disorder. Suggest how a person can be shown to have
Complete the Venn diagram by writing the name of two components DNA and RNA in each part of the diagram.
Describe how the events of the cardiac cycle change when the demand of body cells for oxygen increases.
Explain why substrate concentration affects the rate of reaction.
Compare and contrast the effect of temperature on the solubilities of sodium chloride and glucose in water.
Suggest why there is a difference in the solubility of sodium chloride and glucose in water.
Explain why fatty acids are less soluble in blood than glucose and sodium chloride.
Explain why water enters the paramecium (a single celled organism)
Explain the importance of the contractile vacuole in the paramecium.
State the term correlation
State what is meant by the term partial pressure.
Explain how the structure of haemoglobin causes the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin to be this sigmoidal
Suggest why the partial pressure of oxygen in the air in the alveoli is lower than in the atmosphere.
Explain why the partial pressure of oxygen decreases as the blood flows through the arteries and into the veins.
Explain why the percentage saturation of haemoglobin in a person at high altitude is much lower than in a person at
Explain why cystic fibrosis causes the differences shown in the diagrams.
Explain how the identification of carriers, using genetic screening, could have contributed to the downward trend sh
Describe the ethical issues relating to genetic screening.
State what is meant by the term genotype
Explain why there is a delay of 0.01 seconds between atrial systole and ventricular systole.
Name two obesity indicators used by scientists.
Suggest how glucomannan aids weight loss.
If glucomannan could be digested it would cause a gain in weight. Explain why glucomannan could cause a gain in w
Very low‑carbohydrate diets may increase cardiovascular risk factors. Give two factors, other than weight loss, that
Explain the nature of the genetic code. Use information in the table to support your answer
Describe the role of prothrombin in the blood clotting process.
Suggest why warfarin inhibits the synthesis of prothrombin.
Suggest why people taking warfarin have to avoid eating foods that contain a high concentration of vitamin K.
Compare and contrast the structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid
Explain why the properties of LDLs enable cholesterol to be transported in the blood.
Name the process that synthesises a mRNA strand using the DNA template strand.
Compare and contrast the structure of the aorta with the structure of the pulmonary artery.
Name the bond that joins two glucose molecules together.
Explain how the structure of glycogen relates to its role as an energy storage molecule.
Explain the properties of amino acids located on the outer surface of the haemoglobin, for example at position Q.
Explain why the oxygen dissociation curve of adult haemoglobin is different from that of fetal haemoglobin.
Explain how this electron micrograph provides evidence for the structure of the cell membrane.
Explain the location of cholesterol in cell membranes.
Describe the dipolar nature of water.
Explain the permeability of cell membranes to each chemical shown in the diagram.
Smoking is a cause of emphysema. People with emphysema have weakened alveoli that can collapse, creating fewe
Explain the factors that would determine the rate of diffusion of gases between the air and the tissues of the embry
Explain how dietary antioxidants reduce the risk of CVD.
Devise a study to confirm that antioxidants reduce the risk of CVD.

Explain how the three-dimensional structure of lactase affects the mechanism of action of this enzyme.
Suggest one advantage of using immobilised lactase.
Suggest how the rate of activity of the lactase could be measured.
Suggest why most people with CLI are found in one country.
Describe how an unsaturated triglyceride is synthesised.
Explain why doctors are more likely to screen individuals once they develop diabetes than use methods such as pren
Explain why a stent is used in the treatment of atherosclerosis in a coronary artery
State how the formation of a blood clot in the coronary artery could cause the death of the patient.
Describe the difference between each of the following pairs of terms, using the information in the pedigree diagram
Explain why this gene is unlikely to be located on the X chromosome
Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in a gene coding for the CFTR protein. Explain why a mutation in this gene resu
Explain why very thick, sticky mucus results in these health problems. 1) Breathing difficulties 2) Problems absorbing
Explain how the way a person takes these measurements could produce an underestimate of their risk of CVD. [hip
State the meaning of term mutation
State the meaning of term correlation
Suggest two reasons why the skinfold thickness values are different at each site on the body.
Explain the role of the primary structure in determining the properties of the protein labelled in the diagram.
Explain why each of these molecules enters the cell by a different mechanism (small polar, large polar, non-polar, sm
Name two types of mutation
Explain why the circulation of a butterfly is different from the circulation of a mammal.
The blood flowing through the sinuses of the butterfly is separated from the organs by collagen. Describe the struct
Discuss the implications of screening embryos for aneuploidy before implantation
In AHP, toxic porphyrin molecules build up. The synthesis of the haem component of haemoglobin involves several s
Explain why a man with a blood HDL level greater than 40mgdm−3 may still have a high risk of developing heart dise
Compare and contrast the structure of HDL with altered HDL.
The antioxidant properties of altered HDL are reduced. Explain the effect that this has on reducing the risk of heart d
The colour of the feathers of a chicken is an example of codominance. One parent of this speckled chicken had whit
Name the type of reaction that joins these monosaccharides together in the formation of gentiobiose.
Describe the structure of a nucleotide pair.
Explain the role of DNA polymerase in a replication bubble.
In human cells, S phase lasts about 10 hours. Suggest why each DNA molecule is replicated using many replication b
Give the meaning of the term gene
Explain how mutations result in cystic fibrosis.
Population carrier screening (PCS) is one type of genetic screening. This involves screening people who want a child
Describe the structure of collagen.
Explain the role of collagen in the wall of the aorta.
Comment on the effect of age and sex on the types of collagen found in the wall of the aorta and aortic stiffness.
Osmosis can be defined as the movement of free water molecules through a partially permeable membrane, down
Explain the changes in water content and amino acid content in the muscle cells of the crabs in this investigation.
Explain why a person might have to take several types of drugs to reduce the risk of CVD
Explain why antioxidants in the diet reduce the risk of CVD.
Some studies do not assess the nutritional quality of the diet of the participants. Explain why the results of these stu
Explain why changes in diet, other than antioxidants, can reduce the risk of CVD.
Name the type of mutation that causes sickle cell disease.
The amino acid Glu is hydrophilic (polar) and the amino acid Val is hydrophobic (non‑polar). Suggest why this mutati
Sickle cell disease can result in death. Explain why the changes in the structure of haemoglobin and the shape of the
Thromboplastin is stored inside platelets. Explain the advantages of storing thromboplastin inside platelets.
Explain why enzymes are described as biological catalysts
Explain why the velocity of blood flow in the large arteries is slower than the velocity of blood flow in the aorta.
Explain why the total surface area of the capillaries needs to be so high.
Hair is made from an insoluble fibrous protein called keratin. (i) Describe two structural features of insoluble fibrous
Draw the complete structure of the amino acid, cysteine.
Describe the secondary structure of a polypeptide
Draw a diagram of a phospholipid, using the information in the table.
Explain why an increase in temperature increases the fluidity of the membrane.
Explain why a decrease in cholesterol increases the fluidity of the membrane.
Suggest why a fatty acid with a shorter side chain will increase the fluidity of a membrane.
Name two other types of mutation
Explain how a substitution mutation can alter the DNA and mRNA but not the protein.
Draw a diagram to show the structure of a phospholipid, using these shapes
The cardiac cycle is divided into three stages. Two of these stages are atrial systole and ventricular systole. (i) Name
Calculate the proportion of time that the ventricles are contracting in one heartbeat if this heart beats 73 times per
The part labelled B is in the wall of the atrium and the part labelled D is in the wall of the ventricles. (i) The distance
Explain why this speed needs to be slower than the speeds that the impulse travels between other parts of the hear
Describe how the structure of capillaries relates to their function.
Draw a cross‑section of an artery to show details of its structure. Label two features of the artery on your diagram.
Explain why veins need valves along their length.
State the meaning of the term biological catalyst.
The rate of diffusion can be calculated using the formula: rate of diffusion µ surface area concentration gradient diff
a large surface area • a short diffusion distance • a high concentration gradient. Describe how mammalian lungs are
Discuss how the structure and behaviour of these salamanders are adapted for gas exchange.
Explain how taking this anticoagulant can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
A second study compared this result with people given a combination of warfarin and aspirin. Describe how this stu
Suggest how insulin is synthesised from proinsulin.
Compare and contrast the structure of glucose with the structure of glycogen.
Explain the role of these bases in the structure of DNA.
Meselson and Stahl provided data that supported the theory that DNA replicates by semi‑conservative replication a
Draw a diagram of a water molecule to show its dipole nature.
Describe the structure of collagen.
Explain how a protease breaks down elastin
Explain why the change in mean FEV1 was used in this investigation.

Explain why the results of this investigation do not show that this treatment is more effective than using each drug o
Suggest why a combination of drugs could be more effective in treating people with cystic fibrosis than each drug us
Name two other dietary risk factors that could be changed in this diet.
Explain why a diet that is low in saturated fat is likely to reduce the risk of CVD.
Compare and contrast the structure of the model shown in the diagram with that of the fluid mosaic model of mem
The cell membrane is important to the cell and if it gets damaged the cell could die. (i) Suggest how damage to the c
Cells can repair damage to the cell membrane. This involves fusion of parts of the membrane around the edge of the
Once the membrane has fused together, other processes are needed to complete the repair of the membrane. Sugg
Triglycerides are fats. Describe the structure of a triglyceride.
Explain why large lungs and a large heart would help a yak to survive at high altitudes.

Discuss why the blood of yaks enables these animals to live at high altitudes. Use all the information in this question to suppor
Explain why the inheritance of blood type, shown in this diagram, is an example of codominance.
Explain how the alleles present in individual 3 result in the proteins found on the surfaces of his red blood cells.

Discuss the possible effects that a mutation in one of the genes coding for this blood type could have on the phenotype of ind
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Answer
Condensation reaction
Because there's a correlation between blood cholesterol levels and CVD
1)Their risk of CVD increases because 2) smoking damages the 3) endothelial lining of arteries
Salt intake
Low salt
Other risk factors are not being considered

1) both mRNA and tRNA contain ribose sugar and 2) are both single stranded. 3) However, mRNA is a straight chain
X = coronary artery so it carries the deoxygenated blood to the heart for respiration
it's diastole because the atrioventicular valves are open

there's an increase in diameter due to high blood pressure of the blood therefore elastic fibres expands

1) Phospholipid tails are hydrophobic and 2) its heads are hydrophillic

Diffusion
increase in temperature increases membrane permeability (1) increase in cholesterol decreases membrane permea
1) an increase in temperature increases the movement of phospholipids 2) because cholesterol decreases the fluidit
1) no effect 2) because the inner layer has a higher content of other phospholipids
1) alters membrane fluidity so that 2) platelets will release thromboplastin 3) which is an enzyme that 4) converts pr
1) thrombin is an enzyme 2) because the inhibitor changes the shape of the active site 3) this prevent thrombin from
1) It's unethical to kill insects 2) the insects contain protein
1) there is a high concentration of protein in the galls 2) because the saliva stimulates protein synthesis 3) so there i
1) They're adapted as their lungs are attached to its diaphragm 2) their alveoli is formed from one cell layer 3) which
1) oxygen dissociation curve for the mouse is shifted to the right 2) mouse haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxyg

1) for F increase in temperature increases solubility (2) for G increase in temperature increases up to 30°C and then
*Note containing double bonds increases the risk. 1) palmitoleic and linoleic (acid) (2) because they have double bo
1) Reduces blood clotting by preventing thrombin from binding to fibrinogen 2) so that fibrin is not formed
1) Because the platelets are prevented from binding with fibrin 2) as a result clots don’t form
1) This drug reduces blood clotting because Plasmin hydrolyses fibrin 2) because without the formation of fibrin me
1) because three bases form one code 2) because there is no stop codon in this sequence
1) because it's a degenerate code 2) meaning that there are more than enough amino acids needed
1) Stop codons 2) So that no more amino acids are added onto the chain
1) When DNA is replicated 2) where each double strand molecule is made of one parent and one new strand.
Polymerase
1) It ensures that the daughter cells produced 2) have similar genetic materials therefore similar function
on thethat
5) so next columnnnn
sugars will not diffuse out (E)
6) each individual sugar concentration should be the same as the cytoplasm (D)
*Antioxidants is Vitamin C. 1) Antioxidants prevent cellular damage by free radicals 2) And reduce cholesterol levels
1) Dark chocolate contains more flavenoids than chocolate 2) Therefore contains more antioxidants, reducing the ri
1) three groups of people categorized: eats milk chocolate, eats dark chocolate, does not eat chocolate at all 2) all m
1) Because blood has to be pumped under high pressure 2) so that the blood can reach the brain
* label the lumen, tunica, endothelium
1) Blood is under high pressure thus elastic fibres must be stretched 2) in order to maintain high bp elastic recoil is n
1) Lowers blood pressure 2) allowing blood clot to form easily
1) Smaller rbc's have a greater surface area 2) therefore oxygen can diffuse in and out of the RBC's faster
PEPTIDE
1) because AzPhe is not a naturally-occurring amino acid 2) therefore there is no {DNA / mRNA} codon for AzPhe 3)
1) properties of a protein is dependent on the structure of a protein 2) AzPhe could affect the secondary structure o

• because the gene located on the X chromosome (1) • because defective allele is recessive (1) • therefore, males w
1) monosaccharides less sweet than disaccharides 2) a disaccharide is the least sweet and a monosaccharide is the s
similarities: 1) both (polymers) composed of α glucose 2) both contain 1 - 4 glycosidic bonds differences: 1) amylose
1) the membrane is fluid 2) phospholipids are able to move
1) increase
1) one baseinadded
numberwillof pseudopodia
shift the readingwould
frameincrease
forwardthe
onesurface
place area of the amoeba 2) rate of diffusion will occur
2) all amino acids after the mutation will be affected
1) inside of arteries lined with layer of unfolded endothelial cells 2) which reduces friction
1) elastic fibres in the walls of arteries can stretch 2) thus widening the lumen of the artery
1) damages the endothelium lining 2) allowing cholesterol to build up 3) which narrows the blood vessel
next column
1) Because the urea cycle contains many stages 2) each stage has different substrates in each stage 3) which is impo
1) Genetic screening can be taken 2) blood tests 3) checking family history for any passed on genetics
1) DNA: deoxyribose, thymine RNA: ribose, uracil DNA AND RNA: phosphate group, cytosine, adenine, guanine
1) The cardiac cycle occurs more frequently 2) Where the ventricles contract more forcefully
1) increase in concentration increases the number of particles 2) greater collisions can occur hence increasing the ra
Similarities: 1) the solubility of both sodium chloride and glucose increase as the temperature increases Differences
1) Glucose is a larger molecule than sodium therefore 2) glucose can form more hydrogen bonds with water molecu
1) Water is dipolar and 2) fatty acids are hydrophobic because of their tails
1) Pond water contains a higher water potential than Paracerium 2) therefore water is moved by osmosis from a hig
1) because paracerium doesn’t contain a cell wall 2) water can enter 3) with water filling into the cell the cell may bu
A change in one variable is reflected in the change in another variable
Pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture of gasses
1) Haemoglobin is composed of 4 haem groups 2) As more molecules bind with oxygen the pressure increases till th
Water vapour is added into the air
1) arteries take blood to the cells as veins take blood away from the cells 2) oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries int
1) partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes is lower than at sea level 2) therefore the partial pressure of oxygen in
Column
1) parents may decide not to have a child 2) because parents opt to IVF 3) because embryos identified as having cys
1) Abortion may be unethical 2) spare embryos are destroyed taking a human life 3) risk of miscarriage increases
Combination of alleles
1) because the atrioventricular valves have to close 2) to prevent backflow of blood into the atria
1) BMI 2) Skin fold
Makes the person feel full
1) Contains a lot of glucose 2) therefore glucose can be converted into fat
1) Cholesterol levels 2) Blood pressure
1) triplet codon system (D) 2) because (at least) 20 codes needed for the amino acids (E) 3) e.g. AAC is code for aspa
1) Present in the blood 2) Needed to make thrombin 3) Which acts as the enzyme
1) Warfin and Vitamin K have a similar structure 2) therfore warfin binds to vitamin K reducing Vitamin K
1) an increase in vitamin K would compete with warfarin for the active site 2) reducing vitamin K
Similarities: 1) both contain a glycerol and 2) fatty acids | Differences: 1) triglycerides have three and phosphate con
1) Phospholipids are hydrophillic that interact with plasma 2) Fatty acids are hydrophobic 3) therefore cholesterol is
Transcription
Similarities: Both have walls containing collagen outer layer, both have a valve | Differences: Aorta branches to mor
Glycosidic
1) Glycogen is polysaccharide containing high energy 2) Therefore is insoluble 3) Because of its branched structure,
1) Must have R groups that are polar 2) So that haemoglobin is soluble in water
1) Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right for fetal Hb 2) because oxygen needs to diffuse from maternal blo
1) Shows it contains a bilayer 2) talk about the size 3) talk about the width
1) Cholesterol is non polar molecule as well as fatty acids 2) Therefore cholesterol is located within the fatty acid tai
Either draw the diagram of water or: Say shared electrons where oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is partia
1) Water: is small enough to move by osmosis between the phospholipids | 2) Steroid: is non-polar, diffusing throug
1) Alveoli contains a smaller surface area 2) Therefore the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream
1) Discuss the factors and explain e.g: temperature, rate of blood flow of embryo, number of pores 2) factors that aff
*Antioxidants is Vitamin C. 1) Antioxidants prevent cellular damage by free radicals 2) And reduce cholesterol levels
1) Use a group of healthy individuals 2) Who have similar lifestyles 3) Give one group antioxidants and the other no

1) Lactase is soluble because of its globular shape 2) Therefore lactase collides with lactose 3) As a result active site
Lactase is reusable
1) pH reduces lactase activity 2) Because pH affects the shape of the active site 3) due to the ionisation of groups 4)
1) Emigration may not be occuring 2) therefore there is no new mutation
1) Triglycerides contain one glycerol and three fatty acids 2) joined by ester bonds 3) one fatty acid is unsaturated
1) Prenatal testing causes abortion 2) Ethics within destorying embryos 3) False negative, false positive results can b
1) To widen the lumen of the coronary artery 2) so that more blood can flow to the heart 3) for respiration
Blocks the coronary artery to prevent a stroke
Gene: A sequence of DNA bases that occupies a locus and codes for a polypeptide chain | Alleles: Different versions
because individual 6 was a female non-taster (1) • and her father was a taster (1)
1) because the mutated gene results in a faulty (CFTR) protein 2) so chloride ions do not move out of the cells 3) dec
1) Mucus blocks airways 2) Therefore gas exchange is reduced 3) Mucus prevents pancreatic enzymes from entering
1) Tape may be pulled tighter around the waist so the waist is smaller 2) Tape may be held loose around the hip valu
Change in the base of a gene
A change in one variable is reflected in the change in another variable
1) Distribution of fat under the skin may not be even 2) Liposuction
1) because the sequence of amino acids determine the structure of the protein | 2) by determining the position of b

1) Insertion 2) Deletion
1) Because butterflies are small cells are not far from the blood 2) thus diffusion can supply the oxygen from the blo
1) Collagen is a fibrous protein 2) Three stranded Helix 3) With repeating sequences of amino acids
1) Screened embryos may result in miscarriages - false hope 2) May be unethical 3) False results = more destruction
1) There is no translation of the mRNA 2) no enzyme is formed 3) therefore less haem production occurs
Similarities: Both contain ApoA-1 and contain a phospholipid layer | Differences: Altered HDL is larger
1) Less reduction in free radicals 2) Cell damage on endothelium lining isnot reduced 3) Plaque formed will not decr
Gene: A sequence of DNA bases that occupies a locus and codes for a polypeptide chain | Alleles: Different versions
Condensation reaction
1) Contains deoxyribose 2) Mononucleotides which are held by hydrogen bonds 3) between complimentary bases A
1) To bind each strand of the DNA 2) to line up nucleotides so that DNA can be synthesised into both directions
1) To speed up the process of DNA synthesis 2) so that the S phase is shorter 3) so that cell division is fast enough
Sequence of DNA bases that codes for a polypeptide chain
1) Mutation results in CFTR because the mutation is in the gene coding for the protein 2)Therefore CFTR can't functi
1) couples carrying one copy of the mutation can be identified 2) they can then make a choice whether theyd like a
1) Collagen is a fibrous protein 2) Three stranded Helix 3) With repeating sequences of amino acids
1) Provides tensile strength 2) so that the aorta can widthstand the pressure

1) Free water molecules: when water molecules are restricred from moving around 2) Partially permeable membran
1) water content decreases when crabs first moved (D)
1) Because of many factors that cause CVD 2) different drugs treat different conditions
*Antioxidants is Vitamin C. 1) Antioxidants prevent cellular damage by free radicals 2) And reduce cholesterol levels
1) Diet has an impact on CVD 2) e.g High salt intake increase blood pressure 3) Therefore data is not valid
1) Diet affects a number of risk factors 2) e.g Salt intake can be reduced to lower bp 3) or consuming unsaturated fa
Substitution
1) R groups have different bonding 2) glu may have repelled polar groups on other haemoglobin molecules 3) Howe
1) change in structure of haemoglobin carries less oxygen 2) therefore the shape of the rbc smaller surface area so l
1) To keep thromboplastin separate from prothrombin 2) So that prothrombin can't be converted into thrombin 3) T
1) Found in living organisms 2) Speed up the rate of reaction without being used up
1) The velocity is slower in the arteries because they don't receive blood directly from the heart 2) There is more blo
1) So that plasma is readily available 2) Speeding up the rate of diffusion as the distance is short
1) Long chain of amino acids 2) That are held by hydrogen bonds

1) B pleated sheet 2) Held together by hydrogen bonds

1) Phospholipids contain more kinetic energy 2) Thus allowing them to move around more
1) The lower the cholesterol 2) The less restrictive it is for phospholipids to move around when cholesterol interacts
1) Less kinetic energy required to move
1) Insertion 2) Deletion
1) Substitution mutation swaps one base sequence 2) This results in a different base inserted into the mRNA 3) The

Diastole

1) To delay the movement of the impulse across the septum 2) So that the atrioventicular valves can close
1) Single layer of cells 2) So that gas exchange can occur in the lungs

1) To prevent backflow 2) As blood is often under low pressure

1) A protein found in living organisms 2) That speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up
Fick's law of diffusion
1) Lots of alveoli for large SA 2) Single celled capillaries for short diffusion distance 3) Good supply for high concentr
1) Structure: salamanders have both lungs and their skin for more gas exchange, lungs allow oxygen from air and sk
1) Warfarin reduces blood clots from formin 2) This prevents blockage of the coronary artery 3) Allowing oxygen to
1) select a group of patients who have had a heart attack 2) of similar {age / sex at birth / background / lifestyle} 3) g
1) By hydrolysis 2) Of peptides between P and the connecting chain R and the connecting chain
Similarities: 1) Both are alpha glucose Differences: 2) glucose is a monosaccharide and glycogen is a polysaccharide 3
1) Form base pairs to hold the two strands together 2) because of the number of hydrogen bonds that each type of

1) Fibrous protein 2) Composed of three stranded helix 3) held by hydrogen bonds

1) The active site of protease binds to the elastin substrate 2) Activation energy is lowered by protease 3) Breaking p
1) Because people with cystic fibrosis produce sticky mucus 2) which reduces the air into the lungs 3) so FEV1 will im
1) because the investigation does not show the results for the individual drugs 2) so, no comparison can be made (b
combination drug and the individual drugs) (1)
1) because cystic fibrosis is caused by a number of different mutations 2) affecting the CFTR protein in different way
1) Salt and fibre
1) because this results in less cholesterol in the blood 2) therefore less plaque forms 3) that's blocking the coronary
1) Both have proteins 2) Both have phospholipids 3) FMM has intrinsic proteins but DMM has extrinsic proteins 4) F
1) There could be cytoplasm leakage prevening molecules to pass through 2) Cell cant maintain concentration gradie
1) Because the phospholipids can move within the membrane 2) therefore phospholipids can interact
1) More cholesterol needs to be made 2) Increase the rate of respiration
1) One gycerol and three fatty acids 2) Joined together by ester bonds
1) because large lungs would have a large volume of air taken in 2) because there would be more alveoli for gas exc

High concentration of red blood cells:

 therefore, they carry high levels of oxygen
 to the tissues for (aerobic) respiration
 so can meet the oxygen demands of the yaks
Small red blood cells:
 therefore, the surface area to volume ratio is high
 so oxygen can diffuse into the cells faster
 although each red blood cell probably carries less oxygen
 but this will be compensated by the large number of cells
 smaller red blood cells pack closer together than larger ones / more cells in small volume of blood
High concentration of haemoglobin:
 therefore, high levels of oxygen can be carried
 as each red blood cell can carry more oxygen
 as each haemoglobin molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules
Fetal haemoglobin:
 which has a higher affinity for oxygen
 therefore, the haemoglobin can bind the oxygen even in low partial pressures
 and therefore carry more oxygen / have a higher percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen
1) Because the phenotype of individual 3 is different from individual 1 and 2 2) because neither of the alleles are do
1) individual 3 will have both proteins on the
surface the of the red blood cells
2) because individual 3 will be heterozygous
3) genes will be transcribed and translated

Substitution mutation:  substitution swaps one base for another

 may not alter the amino acid coded for
 as the genetic code is degenerate
 triplet codon codes for the same amino acid
 Insertion/deletiontherefore, no effect on the protein
 therefore, no effect on the phenotype
 amino acid could be different
 therefore, shape of protein may or may not be (significantly) different
 depending on significance the phenotype may stay the same
 depending on the significance the phenotype may become the same as one of the parents
 a stop codon could be coded for
 so the protein may be {shorter / not coded for}
 so the phenotype may become the same as one of the parents
Insertion / deletion mutation:
 deletion removes one base
 insertion adds in a base
 causing a frameshift
 this will probably have a huge effect on protein
 phenotype may become one of parents
 may have little effect on protein if near the end of the gene sequence
 and therefore, have very little effect on phenotype
a greater effect on membrane permeability at higher temperatures (1)

) therfore, fibrinogen cant be converted into fibrin

he insect there is a high concentration of amino acids in the galls

larger surface area for faster rate diffusion
emoglobin 3) therefore haemoglobin can supply oxygen to the tissues at lower pp of oxygen 4) because the rate of respiration

(3) for H temperature has no effect (on solubility)

rap the platelets

cause damage to cells

3) Dark chocolate contains less energy 4) Decreasing the risk obesity
ables: mass of chocolate must be the same, take into consideration sex age, monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels
erent bonds (between R groups) could form 4) where new bonds might make the silk stronger

will only contain that allele

bonds 4) amylopectin has 1 - 4 and 1 - 6 glycosidic bonds (1)

are specific to one substrate

bility increases linearly but glucose does not increase linearly 3) increasing temperature has a greater effect on solubility of glu

eached 3)Because of the binding haemglobin becomes saturated with oxygen 4) forming a sigmoidal shape

s a lower concentration in cells

r 3) the concentration gradient between the alveoli and the blood will be smaller 4) therefore the rate of diffusion of oxygen in
 code (D) 5) therefore some amino acids have more than one code (E) 6) e.g. threonine can be coded for by ACA, ACC, ACG or A

hence high energy density

group is located near the phosphate heads as they're hydrophillic

ucose: is polar, passing through protein channels by facilitated diffusion | 4) ions: are polar, passing through protein channels ac

mp, diffusion distance 3) State fick's law 4) Formula for diffusion rate
cause damage to cells
compare and contrast

tary to the lactose

ctive at wider range of pH values

same gene locus | Genotype: Combo of all alleles |Phenotype: Observable traits of an individual

tial inside the cell

erefore large food molecules cannot be broken down 5) because mucus prevents sperm from reaching the cervix hence the sp

n the R groups | 3) hydrophobic amino acids outside of the protein is embedded in the fatty acid tails | 4) hydrophilic amino aci
same gene locus | Genotype: Combo of all alleles (Color of the feathers) |Phenotype: Observable traits of an individual (black a

us enters the cell becoming very sticky

ult, fewer babies who are born are heterozygous

me molecules to pass through 3) Down a water potential gradient: because water moves from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solu
2) because water passes out of cells by {osmosis / description of osmosis} (E)

cause damage to cells

t may form other (hydrophobic) interactions (with other haemoglobin molecules)

therefore less oxygen to cells so {ess available for (aerobic) respiration

els in the aorta 3) the diameter of an artery lumen is smaller therefore velocity is slower

enerate 4) Coding the same amino acids thus why protein will still have the same structure
 Behaviour: salamanders live in fast-flowing water which will have high levels of oxygen, shallow water will also have higher leve
uing to respire
me quantity of warfarin 4) montioring for four years as well

6) glycosidic bonds but glucose does not

base / purine} bonds with a {small base / pyrimidine} so that the strands are parallel

treat different symptoms

l DMM does not

heart could pump more blood

 4) because the amino acids are n

e the rate of respiration in the mouse is higher 5) a mouse has a higher mass-specific metabolic rate than the elephant 6) becau

nd cholesterol levels
ffect on solubility of glucose than sodium chloride

of diffusion of oxygen into the blood will be slower

r by ACA, ACC, ACG or ACT (x)

ough protein channels active transport

the cervix hence the sperm cannot reach the egg cell

4) hydrophilic amino acids outside of the protein is amongst the phosphate heads
of an individual (black and white alleles

nic to a hypertonic solution

mosis} (E) 3) water conten
will also have higher levels of oxygen 3) Graph: as oxygen levels in the water increase the frequency of rocking decreases, but th
se the amino acids are needed for protein synthesis (5) because the enzymes in the saliva were breaking proteins down 6) for u

n the elephant 6) because the mouse loses more body heat

3) water content then increases gradually (D)
rocking decreases, but the blood pO2 continues to increase *2 marks per category
g proteins down 6) for use by the insects
4) because of the increase in amino acid concentra
in amino acid concentration (E) 5) amino acid increases (D) 6) sharply at first and then rate decreases (D) • because {insoluble /
D) • because {insoluble / muscle} proteins broken down into amino acids (E) • by hydrolysis (E)