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ap a fife
fa a '1i `1 ==== I ===
'`\Tiat ill \ i`.u Lnd=r-s-di.I

\ivhat is the need for interpretatior`£ `

Explain:- ffltr Fan a RT i

qT elfrm qT ENtr ed a I

HFTu€ a e]gHiT PreTFT ffitr q5T qF rfu ?.i+- GTfun an

q5TF ffi Efl ein i RE dr ¢% A-y
5 5in ch GTeha
EE fuerm Petl, eT€Tifeq fin qT FT at a RI FT
€i FT H9TqfT al, err ap EFT ytff, H€FTT .,fir 1;Trmii qT @quTT

a I gil

3itffa a i?i.-: a fan # FT T€fl a FTEFT a

(there can be-no law'WithoSt'Tegislative Act): frqFT q5T th eTti
'ck , .

EfiiE= E! qEjrd' in a Prf§TtsE'FTEFT azF ffi a GTeTfa

qE FFT ffitr a ffi # elftr;TFT i5F i in % gil
ffitr (statutory law) EFT G]# RE REtr a a fire
thS trfu Erin a i

a rm GTfaRE RE (statute Law) rfe elfRE

=1

ifeS rmtr freTTrfu # Ea5T a I statute is the \`ill

of the legistatuter
aTTRI i ffi ffltr q5T eTS elftrrm ffitr % 6Tefa rfe qT :i
fro aTiT Of`qTTriqrtici ffitr I
 ± tiiin a ri i aiin ake a --==
a= a qfa aE H rf H aEfa --T-
ITS+
EEL Effi E=

Ffaa
\ ~ +i ,
_I_i fafa = 5jF a Ei= a F¥ =
an € qT= C1 ae qT 5faiS a FFTa : t=`~¥=j,fir-ii
ffi ffl+ ri pap qTat an % e]a: freniin ±uha`=T ==
-`3Fffl9qEF a ffl % I Prair w a GF HT]q Fqf*TrinF;+-i
`3]tqE qT tiRTq aTa EFT rfu ffu ]iqT a, aap#
Hfin a, RE ffitr q5T qTRIPe `3T#

GTha (interpretation) qT an -q'q'tlq a

FTffl a frm 6TS EFT Praffl nd Efi
rfu ed % I
Act to Maxwell "where the langu ageis plain and admits of but one
meaning the task of in an hardly be said to arise"

Inter retation:- ffl % eTti PrFT Sdi ch ffifro qiTT

i ife ed arm Rqifin q5T rfu % fflqiHq \3Tqi
rfu Ta en9FT ITen di
FT ffl REiap q5RT
JTTFTi 9mT i fr€TrRE a enaFT (intention of the legislature)

ii rm a Prch # Hfin FTqT} Ir a F& \3Tq* FT ffi

i
It giv a GTfte a \3Tfi a uTq a a qffldi ETTT clfRE ±
f ¢ich Far fan ]Ta aTafi a e]ma th wh # de nITtT i=T =
th RE qRrm tqiFT gr fRE qT Prqq rd % fug q€ ri
I GfflT HiFT F® a rfu fS q€ rfu dr % ffi -

I
.1.,
GTfrm i 98EFT ca JTa aTF, e7Tffro 3i=i H === =±
3Fg _La
q@iS fa5ia-2 9mT a aT¥ # frerfRtT in ffl-s¥F
Ted a farfan #apff i 9Ta qFT std far a HZFFT 'E I
-i±
T`--
(2) tifarfa ffl ofarfarFT tan ara frm rfu a RI q€ rfe T=
lap
% fas qF oferfaqF;;:r S qqq uTIt tiffiTrmdi al wi =
ca Gis FTft Rqiaplt dr qRReTRE al di aTTPrd ri±=r=
-\qlffl-ex
(3) ftqt freTTrfu EFT tifin aeffl a 9T@ a
(Slippery Pharse) dr % ch tllT]ffl RT
qTt€rfaF:F GTfaPrFT i ETTPe enaFT a
5ife ?i:IT % f3 tia]EFFT freTTrfe di fflT
fflfffiqffl nd a # # a TE a I

Ewi GTRE ngaq FFTa RE wh an % I

en: rmthRT a RE qE EEEEE
F en9Tq
i ee ed q{ ch 9
FTt€ q5{ Ha tFti qTen

t of interpretati`on-

?¥8 paiker C.J. the object of all interpretation is to

ention of parliament, "but the intention ol` parliament.
ced from the language used"

EL ~apien] ed aft Ham riaq GIfrm fl qm i HE

t`-Th_ife RT a a qitT qan Its % 5uq5T enqTiur se Eta a ed
=. Sir a ftw ffi EHi iaT fan % I GTdr=aqT qT er# ERIr qq5
Hfan a ch fratq RT a qE qtTT wh a ee at# % fS far.TT=
3+Tap qFT eyqqTquT nd ti ggr FT a HIrH 9"T en!FT i=
-.-== ---ffi
dr % in fS atan a q5ET Pe farm rfu H 3flsi
= I :-_+LTT siTF a Gae EHfan qF Hal Ta a ffi ch \3]T] STI =
 == = as H :+TgFFT fin ffla, ffii5 FE ¥ fs ch EET 7flT % 3H
I = 3ff ± i
as TIT arm- 5E@ qFT FffiqRT di Grfu, qrfu.
ijfa T= fflT an a th a5r a giv± a perm FT i fin i
i r -_ = +
errfu S ed # apffiRT-
E Classificatiojn whith reference to duration

(1)
di FT qE a ` .:.?:T=JF

Temparary Statute- ed tl ffitw ffiT RIT Try

GqtlqfflFT RE enfa as a eran ed -ffi fi a
a q9FT
f=rd±FT a q5T in TNT a, aq T5aT
qf± faqifin Eth 5TH al fflfl
chanap
fl enq§FT an % I Pe eTrm dr a
Faa HaEF at rfu Erin
(2)
rfu asTFT T>eTiT`anent statut; BH
ng qE % FUFTS entry
RE ffiRE rd fin EF± ;ta i di rfu a;i RE -al,
RE FT ed % f5 giv FT enRqEN dr %
rfu F fth i aTTT tiaiftr FT HratRTRE fin ffl
JiFT-i, `
Eel

I,
i}
i} eyTfro "fflqffl Mondato eratiove or

=
F
statute:- en5Tq5 FT qE FT % a gr rm ri
i
i_
i, rd a RI fflap E5Tar % qT EH FT S RE fflq ffl a f±
3
vy Frfen €5T5 al ng arrfe FT a wi in fflq I
2\ ENTTRE ffl Direxctive or Pernissi\Je State:,.lie

ffiaITFT5 fflF qTF REST in a fS en at Efr fin FT ¥

in rd a RI FTap T@ ERE I gr Eanch ¥ ng FT
a_ _ A..= .TOT=,T ± ri tTL =
9Tffi qT q5RE qFT qu fch VI 8Tffi orqqT =jE
 ap a ir ===T fro qEF REar a 5T i FiiT :=TaT €, =F sT= a
q± ffl :-TgTTffl i q5{]T arfin rfu dr ¥ I qEF 3]ianzF 3Tgiv
a rfu a qim q5{FT G7RE % ffi REaniFt5 wiq ri
ng ngqTFT a qrfu % I

(Ill) RE a ed i qTffffl
Classification with reference to objective

tiPedTrm statute :- en
ch REtr ch tif€FTlq& E5{m a GTqqT RE f=asT9TE
Hat: RT¥ q5iffl % I an i Prqq` y,,,(RE ngff #
Ti RqtT FTrm Ta tTTrm rm a I GETRT#-
qTrfu €ustl.r€cii, 1860.
(2) EEERE Consol te:. HfroFTfl FT qE
ch RE RE RE qT fry RE q{ Hrh -ff;Tffl
FT faTq `cTT FTfl a ri EN rm % ng.. qi±
ffls!ffi a al fftya enq Gig qq5 FT ffl en RT E5FT
%1 u.p.

q`"u'',Hq)- Statute) :-thYUTRIq5 q5Tq qE q5TF

rm 5 RE al E\{ Erin ¥ ffl gr
TTtld Or# F Hqi]T wh tl:TTar a al en Ear i
rfu EF{TT e]iqaqtF a GTiiTT ¥ I qE aF th a
I ffl ffltrrffl fan RIir GTRTapffa al ca OrS i in
ch PrqTEL a e]genT 7iffl a Sth an S frqTfin GTffa .3iEi
I
gp EFiF qTRd q5T H# % ffliS eTfffi a rfu 3i:yf
I aiiT ffiha ire HFiH a GTiTI I rm: thquTffli5 ZFTH i qF

]in
FRIqT]T th aii= EN EL mq qE ai¥ ti GIftrfRE :=
FHTRI dr % I en 3Ifffl q5T gr edaq trfu Prfa
I_ \ r- r- r-` r -
i
}
fr`RT !iEFT al g EFiffl OrqqT PreTTRE ffu !q t}+

i ilEE EI
Ili]
Ea ti9ffha q5{TT dr a FFTalin a
'I
 q i a Tii=
\Remedial Statute) :- di q5TiF qE
E ==T =i]FiT H=FT fin G]it]T % I se E5Tq al rfu at =T EH
===J`+ I a GIfin a rfe S Ee]iT ffli]T qT " ch fa Fill
in € I G]TffiFT * ffiha\3# aiiT qq5 RT Hwh
Ffflffa enffa Rm di q5TF a RE pfiTr # an a I FT=
aFT elfRE 1961, atan aTRT sTfrm,, i923tIenR rfu
iiEH EE RIrm E i rife Tj
HF" i;IH ¢nabling statute) :- FTfafl EFliI
GH tliTITq fftr q5T PrRT q5{IT % I Far qE a, #&rsLfan
cFqeIT eTaq nd al aq- qfflFT % I ae q5TiF
a fan wh q5l FT# di % I FTeT a fflqTfin
fin qiq EH qiH a RE ffi qE q5TF
wh q"tl
(6) Pr:arqdi Orrm fflHFun i,s%#ling Statute) :- qE iE E5TF
a ch HTma RE a GTfen a gum 3TFT
- q5FT a I
5fPe RE Q'enal Statu qii ap
FT ¥ wh gr RE EFT¥
qT TTRE EPr qE q5iF fry * en erqqT qga
a RI te -car HTF€" a a 5T a
* th 186oT e]igeT elffflT ig59 GTrf±i
cngarstatute) :- qE tr q5TF a ch e]FT OrqqT 8E§
; ERE qT EFT GIfRE q5iar % I qE G]itTEFT,
EFTE5T a TIT i d HE5ar g I gH Fq5iT a q5iiF q5T
E a RE TrqH qrfu E5{iT dr a
•'.
(Explanation Statute): -qE qE EFliF a ch ffitr ch
a cHltssHI q5{an a I Qa ZFTF ch RT: RE dr # TF ed G]9jF =
€ EFiF i gIr `3Tfffi a ire ch g{ ri a RI \3Tf€€
t fin in a I
I ,10) tichqRE (Amending Statute) :I qE tr ZfiTF ]7 i L= Lulil

FT i qTRH ffitr i 8E§ rfu a qT wh gr Cl, --=-

1 rfe ed BeTRT qT Ha qT GHa edaq Eat

I
 I REREdinf i
¥tF fE a i= : 1= .;i=F=5:i 57' F ¥
ffl== rd H ffl iiH zE= tiife j@ ri = a a i =T=
FT
( 1 1 .I rl{titlq'I{^l (Repealingstatuteir == == =:== = Ti = =
`3Tfafrm FT a RE q5FT a I irJ =1 -+r^-

alit fflE 5T i OrqqT GTTFsitTE5 RIha at qT a H#aT

~-fa,` _`=-i -

(12) eiv`i.qq7i`` orrm (curativeor#:iidi;=as?S':a=:e)

:- qE qF q5TF % ch RItr S Rum dr a rf;i,..ff

Hfen ch farinap aFTa ts IT dr FT FTdi HTffiqrfffi

a an ch ffitrTFT Hm nd ts in § dr qR
tr I fin iizIT dr ch ee ed #
fflT aa # th a ed # (Classsification with reference to
the extent ofappliction): th a ffiq # Pr_
qTffiqRT a ffl a-
. ds FT
2. ffi FT

I ch dr ffi a FTqa a ffitr an % i ae

HTqTq trfu qT ife a H# `% I ffi EFTF Tqj
-cHTrqi::TiiFT TFTdi qT ee FFTdi a al a ffitr dr `€

qHdi a # wiq id dr a I

I ffi a fen
i Principles of Interpretation

aI£ fr z5T FqF fRE aTrfaRE qT cqict,`ruicb RE % firfu F= ==

= = i §Ta ch Git5T HTe7iiuT FTqT fflffi \3T¢ FiiiT
3 :--`-=Tfa q5T ia `er# fan qiiT rfu ch ed !Ta
3I
 ii i- E = i-T= Tit
== I ¥ E =T
S -.,. ~,rtT>p- i iifi _
Sir ± ri == ± a Trfe = = * ± = i .= =r :==
fin ri i = a Jig ri 5iF -
z]E G]itTfflE5 i dr f± a ET= EiE- E = E= E=
% GEa GIfha EFZFT GT¢ fin ri I ffro = '= = =T I
eir fro qE5 G7¢ tan an ¥ @ elfrm a i5+T9j EE EH E=
Hal id th dr ¥ I eir fflqTffl a RI qE gen Ta fs.-aTQ_._i*
G]iq fflrfu ed gr en7iT qT RE fS in eyd
GrfEN riaq a qIr wi % I

EHiE= BEE ffi FT`TpldT:-

rqfflri 5Tdr
id ffl wh ffl RE f3 rd qch qT ed di an
rd a RI rm # I
T-qtlcbl¢.t- otho ffi5# in q5 % Pe efirm a
9Ta th HqFEtF (Prinia Errqiq 3Ted in ffliae I
qFT ha FT a I.R 1984 S.C 871: - a fflFa S tF5RE
FT i a aft Farm a G¥ 3rfis
4scc285:_a qFTa fi
qE. eTfSTfue]iiRH fin fS aTrfae .ire a eiqqi+
FIf RE qgr 9Ta S eT5TTFT a -qT :Fti s!TF ffu
p[gr gr a qtf de fat GTwi a, qT ca q¥ fin GTd
Erin al I
a rm ch rm i 5TT" :- 9Trfis ey¢ qFT in
3ifeIT q5{en % fS elfrm a i a g5 in ffl Hq5ar RE EE El

=¥ TquT ffl 5i5ar % CFF 5t5 ee G7HFT ffl Gffi RE

= :iT.:=iT a fS fre7FT ii5H a RE eFT qiH qFT en9FT ffa J--
=-`-.cL- rd i wh F E5{ fl I

I
= ri i5 i¥ in a fE h i5F i= =F=
al-Eiiiiii ± E P ± H + - aE air H =
5± RE ai F Efa aE ± a fr i === = ===
a a ± . ` I-+_ = B= qTF = =T= ==FT aEfr i

I 0un EiiEL EEiim iTffi .+IR ]9S4 S`C -]8-- = ± =

=iFT aT¥T5T 3ifjTf]:+ifr fin f± iTii== i = iT=3
a q.gqT qTPeq fro qi5 ¥7 q€ Ia gr€ngFTT rd ffa Far
qFT qE RE qE GTgiv id in % fS e]iiT al ap
ffl# 3FTm I RE I #`ifeis

tte giv aE fro FT RI rfu mo ffifvi.?.:

nd i GTfthqiRFT fin fS ife FTS'ife^ far qF ¥ f* qtf

GIfrm di `mT RTE ti qti qTHiae a mu faife #\f
rful

RE fee in A.I.R 2001 Frlhi P

qTqa a qE orfffi giv;;FTdr fS ffl G© Eft rm givq a.

ffl & GTfrm a qT mT rfu I gH fflTa # 16 a
caqFT tiQPrqiT FT=fi 5iiT @ wl ffl€it arm i wigan Tti
eTqu5tll RE en I qTqTRT i faqTq {pe a RI
rfu fin I

EH FT a ,

(4)

t5t PrRI aTa EFT

6, RE9Ta fl eTti
Ti EfftlkHq5 9TTGci EFT 6TS
 §] TEE a GIffro ur¢ wi wh Eta I :-T=

aaRH EFT Pram:- q¥ RE aTrfis l|C'-----

Fed in ¥ I RE e]griT rfu fan anu a I-
aTa -ri e]g]ffl rmiq aTalt ETTT fin Gum a a ===T •1
di en fi in rm qTRI I
qT¥ grriis in ffiq i-
'1884 "an-FT^rJZF
uno FT .85Oi:. SqFTa#
fin iFTr fS qTTTdi Efr fRE tiftw i I {zFr
rth'
qTRE e]Hffla Ttl % qti giv Ta an I
FTife G]qufflq qT qig FT T{T TiT givpif,at RERI FT id
th I qitmaq a eTfqf+€TtRFT fin fS # ear a fuqFT F
en qfrm a in i mm qSife% I ffi Tit REfflq `RT T@ FT
ffl a I
FT - rm =tl€Mcn
A.I.R196ls.CJ325:,
€]fr erfu in Tiqr I G=ifefi a 5=
S

TFTa # qFT a qidi

q5{ at i an a q7rTUT ha EFT @
qiTh ed 9Tal a Or# qT enfflftH ar ffi
::]r;I;:r$ 9TTTT a fflha a I .<3aiiFT fflqTan a xp

ha 5a q58T p6 ffl enTTRE " ffl€mur `H# rfe a

qng ch-aTrfu EFT an qT amRE eTS Ta RqT ffl
L5,.fflt:Hrfu a I
qT{.I:'T riti i qFT qFT Tan arm i€[ a e]iT: EFT 5irmT

<(-

Hdi an RE FT en ffl as A.I.Ri992s.c224:_ dr

=i= i eqan amaiHq a elfffiqffca in Pe GiFT (FgruT in TJ-i
=th) 5qt5{ tifrm 1977 Efi RT eTgiv an Hfaftr 15 = ===
al ¢m 3T¢ i qgrfr ftw ]iqT ¥+ !H s!TFN- a
i--,.: i fa ffl FZFHT i `3TH: Tii]T arm q6:I ~€ i =F ==
ri
=

ri at wh ch EF •3TiT=-
`\

ri fin ffl rm I aha EiRE Ei

3]irfu ch qfl ae ffl ed

atRI EFOffro FT fro ctfife 7 SCC 39:-

a FFTa i EiH fro offfl 1961 i 5fan aTisF

aTTen nd gr E5ffl fs EH s!T¥ EFT rfu * FT a REj, fe

qts qtf gEri er¢ ofen i Hgr riaq an

qrfe I FT ijFa+ ¥ &ji{T 8Oao a 5¥a HiTd ¥ T5t
qT Tin i qE Vl fflTdi q{ 5iii Fa an ch fS FTifeTHT a FTT
`ELrm ffi ch
:i
ffla % I fro EFTqFTq fi GTTtT qiqF, FIE
T& ffl a I
Rt€ ffl
\
Mischief
Rule propounded%.ai S Case

RE a in ffl Fife i fin TIT ap I FT in EFT

gr riaq qE a in rm fflRI a tlRftr
(Mischirg) H FT Ea Tap I giv ffi FT i RE
GIfrm di faTa qE 3TFTaqEE arm S`ti FPr REoa I:FO
•3TRo a
\fa:;qu ffl givTfl
{€T aq GH
RE HTq
gi: gf€ # %
rfu if¥ ffi5 rm
ffl RE iq
erfrm
ePr fsTHS fan. Fth era a wiq id fin \+ir
wiq fan TTqT a I

faFS qTqa (1584) 360 Rep. 79 ER 637:. a edFT a thrfu ETT =

=sffl fin TTqT ar fS HFTTqd: q9fi GTfen di Prr9ffl \3ir
aqi{;;z]T rd a RI qi{ qTdi qT rm fin G]TTT vTT=:== `=
a Etfca a qT aTqtFTEF, ffi di ch REtr ed f
F at qT@ ti)-
 ed a q5a giv i 55 a
dr a H a ifa a± # = i
3iT'TiF_

fin ZIT i
(3) Ti'rtlr,+,it i ¥ a fie - =. I-+ i-
CT='1 5.iq,,`

ai 5 EH ir EFT GTiiT rd a fat i-t,ti :T|--I.q

(4) gqqi{ qFT qTae E5TquT Gin fflFTrfu§ff H ri

ey¢ qT ire rd a RE a Gir 3TRik EFT FT
GqFT # gftr rfu I

Tan rfu HTq ¥ aTT Fs{T an fS RE a Ta

fflqthafi a eri rm ¥ =iEFT faFT id,, Efii=
``'ng
in FT5 RE FFTT`% I Tpe RIha grant
qti HTtqFT !Ta a a GT# RE LELFTL_T3FRE
EHHA.I.R 1957 S.C 9o7 a rmti-q i 6]-qdrcFT
EL a fS RI a 5at F i rfu FTFT # eran
FT q5{ di a I

„ chen a ri -i;I TF EfqT ffitr ch I

2\ en qqT RE qT giv th fRE RE elfffl qFFTr JizzT i
3,, fflfrm i qqT Gqiq Gqffl+6q ed a I
i FTEFTfflEFT%l
 |~J I . 5 giv fa +- i EF= a
ffl iFT E± _ a I
fjpeal H `= a a E FTFT ir af
Eiiil in aa `€ Sir ffi irfa a q= i .S-
aa % I gr in qFT For rfu ra dr F¥ sT= in ¥ :-T¥ =. L+_+

i FT# affl % Gfr RE en i # airfas 3pirvj rd FT_¥,

TIT RE dr:- Hqt RfunGfi a qE erftff,```trfu;-£% EF
an EFT er¢ nd i q€ fro aq Ta dr End qF
GTfrm a RI`'
givqffltE dr fS an ch giv •,Eat RE
fa Sir H €ifi -chi rmrm- fin ffl RE *
in i q5ET fflaT % I ife fl erqte7T i
at rfu a
I Pirfu FIT q€
fas an a edsq dr odin al
Efen an a gil E Hma
A.I.R 55 S.C 661 :~ a fflqa a
•q ap. fan `ffl
ffiffi a ng 286 ffl SSLGEjffi' qlfflffl'

rfu fin % i ffiqFT rfu i Hffi FT di RE

dar qRE qi5 ( Territoria a RjgtH qT {erriin ife frem
ffi fl q5{-furfu a rfu i ch qfltr % ed riot #
ed ed 5 FT REftl RTOuro FT a Grfu fan % I f*
REso
EHlill
q5{iiqiFT FTf'Efr GTRfE @ faiin nd -S fan efr
. __- _.
ffl 3jfith GIr HFT giv REa a
tiq i ndf#&,:
eTqftq a in 9rm ch tffi ofife at at
qFT in fin TIT % I
erfen A.I.R 1957 S.C871:- tiffi I.FT

rd rna GHa rfu Tq5 al a elffro @ Tin 5 fflTqTRT FT

-J`-+,lqT
a I qts gHa firfe fl ffiq a qF I5Ir qEFTr Trftr ffl
iHRE qa qE g]iq i rama 5en I 5q{ pear TriT
_ qTftw
\ i CGIfun
-
i916 ri qi{T f3(H)(8) a Girfu qE mm FT fS to # rfu
iiiiij q{ Tq5 qi `a' :The TEE ]TTT qTin E5T erqqT \37iT. ir
a. -ngiqT ± as qFT qqq an a RE 3HTir iT :~+
= a iffi 3T@TqiIT HFTTa a EN I 3;T=..i = = == a
L|
= ==T i rfu RIa Ft]=FT Efi era a rmiH rd di T® I EHa
==rH ri in a ffica at rna 9It ia JTqT I Jt=q_fiiT

fflFF¥ 3 3q# ed Eft GTfan ed rfu 9T¥

¥ =TETprT erg+ RE rfu qit€ an % Fig ¥ frmftw ffl
RETRE ill El
fu 3Trm T@ FT Ta qti grTaFT fan FTFiEFT
f= -i ' T1
fl I Rffr EFT in " nd a qE
Tin qFT Or¢ rfe q5{ OrqqT \Hq qE5TqT ITiT a % i
A.I.R 1965 s.c88i:. ,\FTrm\ri rfu *
erdiq er§rfu grEF an ffl an qTqT TIT 9jT i
fS di Ir a xp
th ffi fan er!#F
a Eu ed a GFTat EqEFFT ed 5a
fa-
•% ed a

% fs orsRE HTRI ri fu qT
 :-qTfis qan (Judicial Activism) a ern ffl RES ¥ ? RE an a
ed a EH@ arm ae I
.:-What do you mean byjudicial activism ?Discuss it by decided

:- rfe Hah Judicial Activism :- iife Ffa * 3iaqiTUTT

a di TR % fflTan ffirm fi rfe th aT5 rfu EH E= EiERE Effi RE
Pet aft rman a expa elfur EFT rfu nd gr qiq a FiF=---- at
a qrfha qTh at qq5 PrarH % I
•.fl errqRTq5ffl
ffi. ? - EqT d ¥9TEft a ir+.=
a Eiill
EHEE EEEE
q5 iTqT % ffifii; FTFT[ffro ¥RT ¥ GFTIT H{E5T{ FT
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some decided cases.

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