Section one /weathering .

p 102

Weathering :the process by which rock material are broken by the action of physical
and chemical processes without transportation . weathering is two types :-
1- Mechanical Weathering :the breaking down of rock in to smaller pieces by physical
means while they remain in place.
Mechanical weathering , causes Abrasion of rock surfaces due to mechanical friction
of other rocks or sand grains.by:
1-ice 2-water 3-wind 4-gravity 5-animal .and plants.
2- Chemical Weathering : the breaking down of rock in to smaller pieces by chemical
reactions.
1-water 2-acids 3-air 4 acid precipitation

Q1/explain Frequent freezing of water?

P 102

Water seeps into the cracks

in the warm season, and
when temperatures drop,
the water freezes and
increases in size, pressing on
both sides of the crack,
causing it to expand.
Q2/explain three types of abrasion ?

Self cheek : page 103 /Name three things that cause abrasion ?

1-the wind 2-water 3- gravity

Self cheek : page 104 /Name three animals that can cause weathering ?

1- Ants - 2-- worms 3- mice

1-Tree roots grow in cracks in rocks.

2- During the growth of plants, they

have a force that makes the cracks
widen

Soil-dwelling (home ) animals

such as insects and ground
squirrels (gophers ) cause a lot
of weathering.
 Granite convert in to sand + clay

1 Acids in Ground water. (Carbonic acid + sulfuric acid ) are produced as a result of
chemical reaction between water and limestone rock.
2 Acids in living things Lichens , which consist of fungi and algae living together
contribute to chemical weathering.
3 air Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which elements such as
iron and oxygen combine to form oxides of elements, and
oxidation in the presence of water causes rust.
Oxygen + iron + water = Rust Look page 107
Rust as a result of chemical weathering.

1-sulfuric acid H2 SO4

2- nitric acid HNO3

FROM :-

1 may volcanoes.

2- air pollution .

So2 , CO2 , NO2

 Lichens , which consist
of fungi and algae living
together contribute to
chemical weathering.

Section review p 107

Q1/ Weathering: is the dissolution and disintegration of rocks by physical and chemical
processes.

Mechanical weathering: is the disintegration of rocks into smaller parts by physical means.

Abrasion: is the crushing and erosion of rock surfaces by mechanical action of other rocks or sand
grains.

Chemical weathering: The process by which rocks decompose as a result of chemical reactions.

Acid precipitation : is rain or snow that contains a high concentration of acids.

Q2/B

Q3/ WATER – ACIDS - AIR.

Q4/wind /water / gravity.
Q5/

Tree roots . ice

When the roots of trees grow inside the Repeated freezing of water inside the rock's
rock, they can cause the cracks in the rock crack causes the rock to widen little by little
to widen.
Q6/source of chemical weathering :
1- water . 2-acid precipitation 3- Acids in ground water .

4- acids in living things. 5- air.

Q7/Because acid precipitation is more acidic than normal rain, which gives it a
greater dissolving power for rock and decomposed it.

Q8/

Rock on the top of a mountain. Rock buried beneath the ground .

They are more exposed (revealed -
open - vulnerable ) to weathering,
because they are exposed to wind
and rain, the effect of gravity
Q9/math skill:
It is not more exposed to
weathering, because it is not
exposed to wind and rain, the effect
of gravity.

PH for normal precipitation = 5.6

PH for acidic precipitation =10 x 10 = 100 times more than normal rain.

Section 2/Rates Of Weathering ? p 108

Q1/What Are The Factors That Affect The Rate Of Weathering?
1 Differential Weathering
2 Shape Of Rock And
Surface Area And The
Volume.
3 Climate (As Chemical
Weathering )
4 Temperature And Water
The difference in the quality of the rocks is the reason
for the speed of weathering, for example, the more
solid granite rocks decompose slowly, while the
limestone which softer than granite , it decomposes
quickly.
1-The larger the surface area of the rock, the faster
the weathering.
2-if a large rock is broken in to smaller fragments
weathering of the rock happens much more than
bigger volume.
Areas which are Warm , humid climate It suffers from
rust and weathering more than dry areas.
Water and Temperature increase the rate of
mechanical weathering.

5 Weathering And Altitude – height // Rocks at high altitudes, such as

mountain rocks, are exposed to wind, rain, ice and
 Elevation gravity, so they weathering be faster than rocks at
the bottom of the mountain.

Self check -109/

As the surface area of the rock increases, the rate of weathering increases.

Self check 109/

Wet and warm climates have higher rates of weathering, because oxidation occurs faster when
temperatures are higher and water is available.

Self check 110/

The weathering of the mountains takes place quickly because they are exposed to more wind,
rain and ice

Section Review p 111

Q1/ Differential Weathering: is the process by which less hard rocks decomposed from more
hard rocks. /// Q2/ B

Q3/ As the surface area of the rock increases, the rate of weathering increases.

Q4/ Areas which are Warm , humid climate It suffers from rust and weathering more than dry
areas.

Q5/ The rocks of mountaintops are more exposed to the elements of wind, rain, ice and gravity,
so weathering is faster.

Q6/ 96 / 6 = 16 Cm2 √

Q7/ At a time when mechanical weathering increases, there is a greater chance of increasing
chemical weathering because there are increase the surface exposed to chemical weathering
factors.
Section Three /From Bedrock To Soil p112
Bedrock = rock base =parent rock

A rock formation that is the source of

soil.

The layer of rock beneath soil….called

bed rock or parent rock .

But : soil can Blown Away by

wind or Washed Away

( Drifted by water),moving soil called

Transported Soil.

Movement of rivers, glaciers (ice river

), and winds..

From Bedrock To Soil

1-The 2- Soil Properties

Source Of
Soil
1 Soil texture. 2 Soil structure 3 Soil fertility 4 Soil horizons 5 Soil PH

Q1/ list the source of soil?

1- Bed Rock .

2- Humus: the dark organic material formed in soil from the decayed remains of plants and
animals by decomposers (( bacteria and fungi))
Q2/what is soil formed from ? check point p 11
Soil Particles :-
Sand ( 0.05 - Tilling
2 ) mm farm …

Plowing farm ….
Silt (0.002 – 0.05 ) mm

Clay (>> 0.002mm)

1- The cohesion( solidarity ) of the soil texture

depends on its high Clay content.

2- The movement of water and air through
the soil depends on the composition of the
soil texture / hard soil is difficult to
plow(tillage farm ).
Q3/explain soil horizons (layers )?
It Is The Surface Layer That Is Often Rich In Humus, Especially In
Forest Areas Where Dead Plants And Animals Decompose
A

This Layer Collects The Dissolved Nutrients Deposited From The

B Upper Layers(leaching).
This Layer Consists Of Bed Rock That Has Been Suffered A Little By
C Weathering Or May Not Have Been Weathered
 In your book

C & D is C

Q4/ Explain soil fertility ? also answer self –check p 114

Soil fertility: It is the ability of the soil to retain((keep on -hold)) nutrients important for plant
growth.

These nutrients have two sources:

1- The bed rock (which has been broken down from the past over many years).

2- Humus: Both bacteria and fungi decompose dead plants and dead animals.

Q5/explain What is the relationship of soil fertility to acidity and alkalinity PH ?

1- Soil with a pH of less than 7 is acidic and has the ability to dissolve mineral substances that
benefit the plant.

2. Soil with a pH greater than 7 has the ability to dissolve other specific plant substances.

3-the PH of soil of often range ( 6 to 8 )

Section review p 115
Q1/ 1- Soil: It consists of the mineral element, water, organic matter, air, and the Parent Rock.

2- The bedrock: is the layer of rock that lies under The Soil.

3- Soil Structure : affects the ability of the soil to nourish plants.

4- Humus: It is rich in nutrients that the plant needs.

5-Leaching ( Soil washing) can be caused by rain and remove important nutrients from the soil.

Q2/ C Q3/ D

Q4/ When the rock formation under the soil is the source of the mineral fragments themselves to
the soil.

Q5/

Residual Soil Transport Soil

Residual soil: It is soil that remains on the Moved soil: It is soil that is blown away by
surface of the parent rock. the wind or is carried away by a river of
water or ice.
Q6/ particle sand = 0.60 x 30 = 18 million particles .

Q7/ The Best Ph For Soil Quality Is 7, because plants cannot absorb certain
substances from alkaline soil, and on the other hand, acidic soil will prevent
important nutrients from reaching the plant.

Q8/ Because the soil is generally sandy in Kurdistan, so it does not hold
water(not retain water = keep on ).
Section Four //Soil Conservation p 116
It is a way to maintain soil fertility by protecting it from
Soil Erosion and from Losing Important Nutrients to the
plant.
conservation
1-Soil provides minerals and nutrients to the plant.
2-It fixes plant roots and tree roots
3-Soil contributes to providing a source of food for plants,
animals and humans..
The Important Of Soil
4- housing :- Soil provides a place for animals (such as
earthworms, spiders, ants, and moles) to live.

5-water storage :- Soil is a very important water

reservoir(storage ) for the plant.

What is meant by soil damage is to study

the reasons that lead to soil losing its
Soil damage and loss: fertility and therefore plants cannot grow
in such damaged soil. It is one of the global
problems.
1- Overuse: It is the repeated planting
annually of the same crop.
2- Overgrazing: Many animals that graze
in a small space so that they eat all the
plants, flowers and vegetables and cause
soil erosion
The Reasons:- 3- Desertification: After losing soil
fertility, there may be a problem that turns
the land into a desert.
4- Erosion: the process by which rock are
abraded and fragments are transported
from one location to another.
 Soil Care Methods:

1 Contour plowing : The farmers plow the lines across the slopes, so that the rows of
the plowed lines act as a series of dams to prevent erosion and dredging if it rains.
2 Terraced cultivation: Terrace planting prevents erosion by dividing the slope by a
series of flat fields.
3 No-till farming (It is to cultivate the land without plowing it):
No-till agriculture: It prevents erosion that occurs by the surface flow of water, as
this method leaves a vegetative cover on the soil to protect it from erosion.
4 Cover crop ((Cultivation of soil protective crops))like soybeans . cover crop :
Restores the soil its stock of important nutrients.
5 Crop rotation ((agricultural cycle)): Planting the same crop year after year in the
same field leads to the depletion of some nutrients. To solve this problem, the
farmer grows a variety of crops in order to consume various and few food
materials.

Contour plowing
 Terracing

Terrace
cultivation

Self –check p 119/what can soybeans and peanuts do for nutrient poor soil ?

Answer // Both return important nutrients to the soil and provide vegetation cover to prevent
erosion.

Section Review P 119

Q1/ Soil conservation: It is a method used to protect the soil from erosion and from losing
important nutrients for plants.

Erosion: The process of moving soil from one place to another by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

Q2/ 1- Supports plants with nutrients.

2- It provides shelter for many animals.

3- Store water.

Q3/ A
Q4/ The CROP ROTATION ( agricultural cycle) helps prevent the depletion of nutrients from the
soil.

Q5/1- Contour plowing : The farmers plow the lines across the slopes, so that the rows of the
plowed lines act as a series of dams to prevent erosion and dredging if it rains.

2- Terrace planting prevents erosion by dividing the slope by a series of flat fields.

3- No-till agriculture: It prevents erosion that occurs by the surface flow of water, as this method
leaves a vegetative cover on the soil to protect it from erosion.

4- cover crop ((Soil Protective Crop)): Restores the soil its stock of important nutrients.

5-crop rotation ( agricultural cycle) helps prevent the depletion of nutrients from the soil.

Q6/ 500 y / 2 cm = 250 y /cm

Q7/ Wild animals either eat plants directly from the ground, they eat plants, or they eat the meat
of animals that depend for their food on plants.

Chapter Review p 120-121

Q1/Abrasion or carving is the crushing and erosion of rock surfaces by mechanical action of
other rocks or sand grains.

Soil texture :- It is the quality of the soil that is based on the percentage of its particles.

Q2/Soil Conservation helps to provide enough fertile soil to grow crops. Erosion occurs if
the soil is not covered with vegetation.

Q3/Mechanical Weathering is the disintegration( decay ) of rocks by physical means while

Chemical Weathering occurs as a result of chemical reactions with the help of acid rain and
oxidation.

Q4/Soil is a mixture of organic matter, water, air and mineral elements, and the Parent Rock
constitutes the main source of mineral crumbs.

Q5/D Q6/ C Q7/C Q8/ D Q9 /D

Q10/Mechanical weathering is the physical process of breaking rocks and minerals into smaller
pieces, while chemical weathering is the decomposition of rocks and minerals by chemical
reactions.

Q11/The less resistant rocks surrounding the original volcano were subjected to more and faster
weathering than the rocks from the rocky tower.

Q12/ Soil can be stripped or damaged if not preserved.

Q13/Desertification is described by the following:

1- Soil that consumes its nutrients.

2- Plants cannot grow.

3- Water cannot be stored.

Q14/ Soil crops protect the soil from erosion caused by wind, water, rain and other factors.

Q15/concept mapping :

weathering

mechanical chemical
soil

abrasion
oxidation
ice
wedging
Q16/It is true that the areas are hot, but the problem is the lack of precipitation, which makes
chemical weathering weak and slow.

Q17/The mechanical weathering process causes an increase in the surface area of the rock, which
exposes more rock to chemical weathering in addition to physical weathering.

Q18/When cultivating the steep slope area, it is suggested:

1- Follow the method of Planting Terraces.

2- Follow the method of the Cover Crop between seasons to prevent erosion.

Q19/

Q19/Water at 40°C has the

highest density.

Q20/The line would curve

downward from left to right
because most other liquids
will have an increase in
density as they get colder.

Q21/ Water is more effective

than other liquids because it is
known to expand upon
freezing, which makes it
successful in ice wedging
weathering .