Reviewer in Physical Education 4

Panic is the worst enemy of any emergency situation. It even makes a bad situation worse, as this spreads
to others as well. It does not allow one to think. In fact, it is even hindering or interferes with the rational
thinking and causes confusion. So, the first thing to do in an emergency situation is to stay calm. Then,
try to remember and apply the DRSABC action plan or flow that is described as follows:

DANGER – always check first the danger and source of injury. Make sure the surroundings are safe and
out of danger, otherwise, you will also allow yourself to be a victim.

RESPONSIVENESS – Can the casualty hear your voice? Can they open and close their eyes? Are there
any movements? Do they respond to touch?

SEND – send for help or shout for help.

AIRWAY – is the person’s airway clear? If the person is not responding and is unconscious, check
airway by opening the mouth and having a look inside. Tilting the head back with the chin facing up will
clear an airway.

B
BREATHING – make sure that the victim is breathing by looking at breathing signs, listening to
exhales, and feeling air coming out of the mouth or nose.

CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) – if an adult is unconscious, no pulse, and not breathing,

perform the CPR until the emergency personnel or medics arrive.

 How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) administered?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique that is administered when

breathing and heartbeat of a person stopped, such as during a heart attack and drowning.
CPR involves the CAB process that stands for compression (restoration of blood circulation),
airway (clearing of airway), and breathing (breathe for the person).
In administering first aid, it is important to know when to use CPR. If there is no breathing and no
pulse is felt, administer the CPR cycle – 30 compressions, then two breathes until help arrives. In
administering CPR or compression, the following must be done:

1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.

2. Locate hand position for compression by drawing an imaginary line from armpit to center chest
for hand placement.
3. Place heel of one hand on the lower part of the breastbone.
4. Put other hand over the first, interlacing your fingers for support.
 5. With straight arms and shoulder positioned over the victim’s chest, push down on the victim’s
chest. For adult victims, push it down for at least 2 inches or 5 cm deep.
6. Give 30 compressions in 18 seconds or less (rate of 100 compressions in one minute) and let
chest rise completely between compressions.
7. After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths.
8. Repeat cycle until help arrives or when there are signs of movement.

Sprains are injuries that involve the stretching or tearing of the ligament. This usually occurs when a joint
is overextended from its usual range of motion.
Strain is the twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon. This usually happens when a muscle is stretched
and suddenly contracts such as when one is running or jumping.
Fracture involves the breaking of a bone.
Blisters are a result of ill-fitting footwear. It is especially seen among hikers and trekkers. Blisters can be
painful and may cause discomfort.
Concussion is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bump to the head or body.
Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.

CATEGORIES OF SPRAIN AND STRAIN ACCORDING TO ITS

SEVERITY
GRADE I category is mild that involves minor tearing of a ligament or muscle.
GRADE II classification involves the partial tearing of the ligament or muscle.
GRADE III refers to severe injury that involves the complete tearing of the ligament or muscle.
Grade I categories may be treated with rest, ice pack, compression, and elevation (RICE). This means
having the victim rest the injured or painful part, then applying ice pack, compressing or wrapping with
bandage or athletic tape, and finally elevating the injured area above heart level to minimize swelling.
Grade II injuries, however, may need further immobilization to hasten the healing process.