SAN ILDEFONSO

SEARCH AND RESCUE

TEAM
Basic First Aid Training
and Life Saving Drills
SAFETY BRIEFING
What to do when Earthquake comes?
What to do in case of fire?
•Find the nearest fire alarm and pull it down.
•Find the nearest Fire Extinguisher
• Stay Calm
 Chapter 1
Basic First Aid Training
What is First Aid?
• First aid is promptly helping people who are
suddenly sick (illnesses) or hurt (injuries or
body damage). For example, first aid is used at
accidents to help an injured person until they
receive medical treatment (help by doctors,
nurses or ambulances). First aid is also used to
help people who suddenly become sick, until
help arrives or they can be taken to medical
care.
Goal as a First Aider
• First aid skills are kept simple on purpose so that
people can remember and use them in an
emergency to save at least one life.
• One set of goals of first aid is called the "Three
P's":
• Preserve life – stop the person from dying
• Prevent further injury – stop the person from
being injured even more. If possible, an injured
person should not be moved.
• Promote recovery – try to help the person heal
their injuries
Another set of goals for keeping a badly hurt
person alive is sometimes called "C-A-B":
• Circulation (or Compressions) - keep blood inside the
body and the heart beating. Compressions refer to a
part of CPR called Hands Only CPR, where someone
pushes with their hands on the center of a person's
chest over and over again to keep blood flowing to the
brain. This requires no kit and only a little training.
Emergency medical dispatchers can tell a person how
by telephone or radio. Keeping blood inside the body
can be done using a piece of cloth (which soaks up
blood) to apply firm pressure to the bleeding area(s).
This "direct pressure" is the simplest and most
effective way to stop bleeding.
• Airway - keep a path open for air to go from
the mouth to the lungs. Turning an ill person
on their side if they have vomited ("thrown
up") may help keep the airway open so they
can breathe. Moving a hurt person can make
their injuries worse. But without an airway, a
person cannot breathe and will soon die
unless an airway can be re-opened.
• Breathing - move air from the outside into
the lungs. "Giving breaths" is blowing air into
someone else's mouth while holding their
nose shut and watching their chest rise from
the air you blow in. This is taught as part of
CPR. A helper could get sick from "giving
breaths" to someone who has a disease. A
CPR class can teach how to use a CPR mask to
make this much safer. A first aid kit may
include a CPR mask or barrier device
Checking the person’s A-B-C
 CHAPTER 2
Soft Tissue Injuries
WOUNDS

• Soft Tissues are the layers of skin and the fat

and muscle beneath the skin’s outer layer. An
injury to the soft tisuue commonly is called a
wound.
Prevention
 The following general tips help you to avoid both serious and
minor wounds:
 Develop safe habits, such as never running with sharp
objects.
 Use proper safety equipment when playing sports or engaging
in recreational activities.
 Wear proper safety equipment in the workplace, and request
training before using any potentially dangerous tools or
equipment.
 Stay alert and focused when engaged in any potentially risky
activity.
Bandaging Guidelines
 Use clean, preferably sterile, dressings.
 Check circulation below the injury before and after
applying a bandage. If circulation is reduced, loosen the
bandage.
 If blood soaks through the bandage, place more dressings
and another bandage on top. The dressing that is in
contact with the wound should remain in place and not be
removed.
 Dressings and bandages should be kept clean and dry to
decrease the risk of infection.
 Once bleeding is under control and the wound has begun
to heal, dressings that become wet should be replaced
with dry dressings.
Triangular Bandages
• Triangular bandage are
useful in your first aid
kit because they can
be used both to make
• broad bandages to
hold splints in place.
Types of wounds
CLOSED WOUNDS
• The simplest closed
wounds is a bruise.
A bruise develops
when the body is
bumped or hit .
OPEN WOUND
• In an open wound,
the break in the skin
can be as minor as a
scrape of the surface
layers or as severe as
a deep penetration.
ABRASIONS
• Abrasions are the
most common type
of open wound. They
usually are caused by
something rubbing
roughly against the
skin.
LACERATIONS
• A laceration is a cut
in the skin, which
commonly is caused
by a sharp object,
such as a knife,
scissors or broken
glass.
AVULSIONS
• An avulsion is a serious
soft tissue injury . It
happens when a
portion of the skin,
and sometimes other
soft tissue, is partially
or completely torn
away.
USING DRESSINGS AND BANDAGES
• All open wounds need some type of covering
to help control bleeding and prevent
infection.
• Dressings are pads placed directly on the
wound to absorb blood and other fluids and
to prevent infection. To minimize the chance
of infection, dressings should be sterile.
• A bandage is any material that is used to wrap
or cover any part of the body.
• Bandages are used to hold dressings in place,
to apply pressure to control bleeding, to
protect a wound from dirt and infection, and
to provide support to an injured limb or body
part. Any bandage applied snugly to create
pressure on a wound or an injury is called a
pressure bandage.
Types of Dressing
• An occlusive dressing
is a bandage or
dressing that closes a
wound
• or damaged area of
the body and
prevents it from
being exposed to the
air or water.
• Elastic roller
bandages,
sometimes called
elastic wraps, are
designed to keep
continuous pressure
on a body part.
Chapter 3
Immobilization
• Immobilization refers
to the process of
holding a joint or
bone in place with a
splint, cast, or brace.
This is done to
prevent an injured
area from moving
while it heals.
• Splints are a device used
for support or
immobilization of a limb
or the spine. It can be
used in multiple
situations, including
temporary immobilization
of potentially broken
bones or damaged joints
and support for joints
during activity.
Types of Splints
• Soft splints are soft,
bulky objects (e.g a
folded blanket,
towel, pillow, or
bandage
• Rigid splints are
hard, fixed objects
(e.g., a board, a
rolled newspaper, a
tree branch).
• Anatomical splints
use another body
part for support
(e.g., immobilize
an injured leg
by securing it to
the uninjured
leg).
• Slings use cloth
looped around the
neck to support an
upper extremity
(e.g., the arm or
wrist).
Reminder:
• Before and after splinting always check the
PMS.
• P- ulse
• M-otor ( trying to move the muscles
• S-ensory (trying to sense the touch of the first
aider)
 Chapter 4
Special Emergency Cases
• Nosebleed
Nosebleeds may be caused
by the following:
 Forceful nose blowing
 High blood pressure
 Dry weather conditions
 Trauma to the nose or
head
 Bleeding disorders
• If you know that the bleeding is caused by an object
in the nose, refer to the care from first aider for
foreign objects in the nose.

Care
1. Have the person sit with the head slightly forward,
pinching the nostrils, for 10 to 15 minutes. If the
nosebleed was caused by a severe head injury, do not
pinch the nose.
Cont…
• 2. Once you have controlled the bleeding, tell
the person to avoid rubbing, blowing, or
picking his or her nose because this could start
the bleeding again.
• 3. If the person loses responsiveness, place
him or her in the recovery position to allow
blood to drain from the nose.
• Fainting
Fainting is a brief period of unresponsiveness
that happens when there is not enough blood
flowing to the brain. If a person suddenly
becomes unresponsive and then “comes to”
after about a minute, he or she may have
simply fainted.
Common Causes
 Heat
 Dehydration
 Pain
 Decreased blood
sugar (e.g., missing
a meal)
Prevention
Keep Hydrated
Eat at regular intervals to maintain a
consistent blood sugar level.
Get up slowly from sitting or lying down.
Fainting may be preceded by paleness,
dizziness, sweating or nausea. If you think that
someone is about to faint, have the person sit
or lie down.
Care:
1. Place the person in the recovery position.
2. Monitor the patient’s condition.
3. Place the person in the well-ventilated area.
Animal Bite
• Any animal bite that
has teeth, whether
domesticated (e.g.,
pets or livestock) or
wild can be the source
of a bite wound. If the
person does not know
the animal, rabies may
be a concern.
• If the person does not know the animal,
rabies may be a concern. Most animal bites
carry a high risk of infection, so they should
be monitored closely in the hours and days
after the incident.
1. If the wound is bleeding heavily,
provide care for external bleeding .
2. If the wound is minor:
Wash the wound thoroughly with clean water,
ideally by running it under a tap, as the
pressure from the running water lets it
penetrate more deeply into the wound.
Control any bleeding.
Cover the wound with a dressing or bandage.
Seek medical attention if you suspect the
animal might have rabies
RABIES
• Rabies is a serious infection
that attacks the brain and
spinal cord. It is fatal if it is
not treated. The virus that
causes rabies is spread when
an animal that has the
disease bites another animal
or a person.
Care:
1. Wash the area with clean water.
2. Cover the site with an adhesive bandage.
3. Apply ice or cold pack to help control swelling.
Put a thin cloth between the cold source and
the person’s skin to avoid freezing the skin.
CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
(CPR) - is a skill that is used when a person is in
cardiac arrest. CPR involves giving sets of 30
chest compressions followed by sets of 2
rescue breaths ; it keeps oxygenated blood
moving to the brain and other vital organs
until advanced medical help arrives.
CPR SUMMARY
CPR Hand Compression
Compress Breath Cycle
Summary Position Rate
Breath just
enough Rate of 100-
volume to 120 /
Two hands 30
Compress at make the minute: 30
on the compression
Adult least 5 cm chest start to compression
middle of s and rescue
(about 2 in) rise ( 1 s about 15-
the chest. breaths.
second per 18 seconds.
breath)
 CPR Hand Compression
Compress Breath Cycle
Summary Position Rate
Breath just
enough Rate of 100-
volume to 120 /
Two hands Compress at 30
make the minute: 30
on the least 1/3 of compression
Child chest start to compression
middle of the chest’s s and rescue
rise ( 1 s about 15-
the chest. depth breaths.
second per 18 seconds.
breath)
 CPR Hand Compression
Compress Breath Cycle
Summary Position Rate
Breath just
Two fingers enough Rate of 100-
on the volume to 120 /
Compress at 30
middle of make the minute: 30
least 1/3 of compression
Infant / Baby the chest. chest start to compression
the chest’s s and rescue
(Just below rise ( 1 s about 15-
depth breaths.
the nipple second per 18 seconds.
line) breath)
Compressions only CPR
• Compression only CPR uses chest
compressions (w/o rescue breaths) to pump
the heart and circulate oxygen that is already
in the person’s body. If you are unwilling or
unable to give rescue breaths for any reason
(e.g., you do not have a barrier device or the
ill or injured person has facial trauma),
compression-only CPR is acceptable.
Before applying CPR you must;
 Checking the scene if safe
 Call EMS or San Ildefonso Rescue 0917-722-5574
 Check the person’s responsiveness. (Tap the
shoulders or apply external rub)
 Check the ABC (Airway, Breathing and Circulation)
 Quickly scan for signs of bleed (if possible, apply
dressing first)
 No BREATHING, No CIRCULATION, BEGINS CPR!
CHOKING
Choking occurs when the airway
becomes partially or completely
blocked by foreign object (e.g., a
piece of food or a small toy), by
swelling in the mouth or throat, or
by fluids, such as vomit or blood.
If the airway is blocked by the
person’s tongue or by swelling,
this is called an anatomical
obstruction. If it is blocked by a
physical object, this is called a
mechanical obstruction.
Types of Choking

• Partial Choking
Partial choking happens when the airway is
partially blocked. Coughing is the body’s way
of clearing the airway, and so it may indicate a
partial airway obstruction.
• Complete Choking
Complete choking happens when the airway is
completely blocked. When a person is
experiencing complete choking, he or she is
unable to breathe and is in a life threatening
situation.
Care:
Try to dislodge the object by combining any
two of the following three options:
Back blows, abdominal thrusts, and chest
thrusts. Continue alternating between the two
methods until the object comes out, the
person begins to breath, or the person
becomes unresponsive.
Special Choking Circumstances
Larger or Pregnant Responsive, Choking Adult
1. If you cannot reach far enough around a person
to perform abdominal thrusts or if you are aiding
a woman who is obviously pregnant, alternate
between 5 firm back blows and 5 chest thrusts.
2. Continue until the object comes out, the person
begins to breathe or cough or the person
becomes unresponsive.
Responsive, Choking Toddler
1. If the child is short enough, kneel on the
floor with one knee raised.
2. Perform 5 back blows with the child leaning
across your raised leg, alternating with either
5 chest thrusts or 5 abdominal thrusts.
3. Continue until the object comes out, the
child begins to breathe or cough, or the child
becomes unresponsive.
QUESTIONS
 Thank You
Prepared by:

Rhea Christine DS. Valeza

Responder I, Lecturer
When Every Second Matters