Angeles University Foundation

Angeles City
College of Nursing

First-Aid

(Lesson Plan for School Teaching)

Submitted by:
Castro, Clariza M.
De Guzman, Rafael
Espiritu, Neil
Gabalunos, Marjorie
Galang, Miguel
Lingat, Paul
Magcalas, Charlie Magne
Reyes, Grace
Sauva, Joyce Anne
Group 7; BSN III – 2

Submitted to:
Jaypee M. Landingin RN MN
Clinical Instructor; CHN- Sapalibutad, A.C.
I. Introduction
 II. Content
FIRST AID

First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an injury or illness, usually affected by a lay
person, and performed within a limited skill range. First aid is normally performed until the injury or
illness is satisfactorily dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and blisters) or until the
next level of care, such as an ambulance or doctor, arrives.

Guiding principles
The key guiding principles and purpose of first aid, is often given in the mnemonic "3 Ps". These three
points govern all the actions undertaken by a first aider.
• Prevent further harm
• Preserve life
• Promote recovery

The main aims of first aid are to:

1. Preserve life - This includes the life of the casualty, bystander and rescuer.
2. Protect the casualty from further harm - Ensure the scene is safe.
3. Provide pain relief - This could include the use of ice packs or simply applying a sling
4. Prevent the injury or illness from becoming worse - Ensure that the treatment you provide does not
make the condition worse.
5. Provide reassurance-it is important to understand that first aid has its limitations and does not take the
place of professional medical treatment

A. FIRST AID FOR BURNS

Burn is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results
from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of radiation.

COMMON CAUSES

1. Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking.

2. Scald from hot liquid.
3. Defective heating, cooking and electrical equipment.
4. Immersion in overheated bath water.
5. Use of such chemicals as lye, strong acids and strong detergents.

TYPE OF BURN INJURIES

1. Thermal Burns. Not all thermal burns are caused by flames. Contact with hot objects, flammable
vapor that ignites and causes a flash or an explosion, and steams or hot liquid are other common causes of
burns.

Care for thermal Burns

 Care of First-degree and Second-degree Burns- relieve pain by applying a wet, cold cloth. If
cold water is unavailable, use any cold liquid you drink to reduce the burned skin's temperature.
  Care for Third-degree Burns- Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking sterile dressing or clean
cloth. Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs and keeping the victim warm with a clean
sheet or blanket.

2. Chemical Burns. Chemicals will continue to cause tissue destruction until the chemical agent is
removed.

Care for Chemical Burns

1. Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water.

2. Remove the victim's contaminated clothing while flushing with water.
3. Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim wash with a mild soap before a final rinse.
4. Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or, for large areas, a clean pillow case.
5. If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at least 20 minutes using low pressure.
6. Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.

3. Electrical Burns. The injury severity from exposure to electrical current depends on the type of
current (direct or alternating), the voltage, the area of the body exposed, and the duration of contact.

Care for Electrical Burns

1. Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. If that is possible, call the power company or ask for
help.
2. Check the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation). Provide Rescue Breathing (RB) or
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if necessary.
3. If the victim fell, check for spine injury.
4. Treat the victim for shock.
5. Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated in burn center.

B. FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE

First aid and treatment for snake bites in the Philippines

 If you or someone with you is unfortunate enough to get bitten by a snake, in the words of
Douglas Adams, DON'T PANIC!

 Firstly it is important to remember that snakes don't always envenomate when they bite and that
there are more non venomous snakes than poisonous ones.

 Keep the victim calm and still, if possible immobilize the victim and do not allow him/her to
walk. Do not let the victim eat, drink or smoke. If the bite is on an extremity (hand, foot, arm,
leg) keep it level with the body, DO NOT raise the limb, keep it below the level of the heart.

 Some people may recommend using constricting bands or pressure bandages but these should
ONLY be used for envenoming bites by some elapid snakes and NEVER used for bites by vipers.
If you are unsure of the type of snake that has bitten the victim do not use a pressure bandage, just
get the victim to hospital as soon as possible.
  The venom injected by bites from some elapid snakes (cobras, king cobras, kraits and sea snakes)
can sometimes cause serious respiratory difficulties and so slowing the absorption of the venom
into the blood can reduce the risk.

The following method of applying a compression bandage is currently recommended by the World Health
Organization:

Ideally, an elasticated, stretchy, crepe bandage, approximately 10 cm wide and at least 4.5
meters long should be used. If that is not available, any long strips of material can be used.
The bandage is bound firmly around the entire bitten limb, starting distally around the
fingers or toes and moving proximally, to include a rigid splint. The bandage is bound as
tightly as for a sprained ankle, but not so tightly that the peripheral pulse (radial, posterior
tibial, dorsalis pedis) is occluded or that a finger cannot easily be slipped between its
layers.

Ideally, compression bandages should not be released until the patient is under medical
care in hospital, resuscitation facilities are available and antivenom treatment has been
started (see Caution below).

Caution: Release of a tight tourniquet or compression bandage may result in the dramatic
development of severe systemic envenoming.

 If possible clean the bite area with soap and water but do not use ointments or lotions of any kind.

 Remove all rings, watches and other jewelry from the affected limb as some snake bites cause
swelling.

 If venom is spit into the eyes, immediately and copiously irrigate them with any bland fluid, such
as water, saline solution, or milk.

 It is important to get the victim to a hospital immediately because even if the snake is non
venomous it may still have tetanus (lock jaw) and so you may need a tetanus injection or if it is
poisonous you will need the anti-venom.
  Don't try to kill the snake that bit you or someone with you, if you attack the snake it will attack
you. It is better if you can to take a photograph of the snake to help doctors identify it and provide
the correct treatment/anti-venom.

 DO NOT try to cut out the poison from the wound or suck out the venom, if you have any
damaged or lacerated tissue in your mouth the venom could cause you to pass out or even die.

Not all hospitals have anti-venom but they can provide treatment which could save the victims
life while getting the correct anti-venom from a specialist centre

The two important rules of first aid for snake bite

1. Never let first aid delay proper medical treatment or transportation to a hospital or medical centre.

2. Never let any first aid treatment do more harm than good. Local people may have great confidence in
traditional treatments but they often do more harm than good.

How to avoid getting bitten by a snake in the Philippines

It is always useful to know what types of venomous or poisonous snakes you may encounter and where
they like to live.

Most snakes are nocturnal and start to become active at dusk which means they sleep or rest during the
day.

Snake bite is an occupational hazard of agricultural workers and fishermen mainly. Most snake bites
occur when a snake is accidentally trodden on in a rice paddy or field by someone barefoot or only
wearing sandals or slippers, or by fishermen who catch sea snakes in their nets. The snake may also be
disturbed during harvesting when a worker may put their hand within striking distance of a snake without
seeing it.

Below is a list of the 10 precautions which can be taken to avoid or at least reduce the risk of snake bite:

1. Be vigilant for snakes at night, stick to paths or roads and use a light (torch, flashlight or lamp) when
walking at night.

2. Watch out for snakes after rains or during flooding. They may be forced to move to different areas
because of excessive water. Conversely be watchful during extreme dry periods or drought as they may
venture into populated areas in search of water.

3. Try to avoid having rubble, rubbish or domestic animals near to your house as these attract snakes.
Snakes feed on mice, rats, frogs, lizards and other snakes so mice attracted by food waste or domestic
animal feed will attract snakes.

4. If you go walking in long grass, undergrowth, forest, jungle or cultivated areas wear shoes or boots (not
sandals or slippers) and long trousers (not shorts)

5. It seems obvious but never handle or attack a snake and never try to trap or corner a snake in an
enclosed area.

6. Don't handle a dead snake unless you absolutely have to. Firstly it may not be dead, it could just be
sleeping. Secondly dead snakes can still bite and inject venom due to a reflex action!

7. When walking in areas possibly inhabited by snakes create a disturbance, vibration from heavy
footsteps will encourage most snakes to move away before you even see them.

8. Regularly check your house for snakes. Most modern house don't provide many good hiding places for
snakes but some older houses or those made from natural materials can provide good hiding places (large
unsealed spaces beneath floorboards).

9. There are a number of sea snakes found in Philippine waters so if you like fishing avoid touching sea
snakes caught in nets and on lines. 

C. FIRST AID FOR DOG BITE

Dog bites are very prone to infection, but proper first aid for a dog bite can help to reduce the chances of
infection.

Types of Dog Bite Wounds

Puncture wounds- result when the dog's teeth penetrate the skin. They are very prone to infection
because the dog's teeth essentially inject bacteria into the bite wound. They are also a perfect place for
bacteria to multiply - warm, dark, and with little air flow.

Laceration-which occurs when the dog's teeth penetrate and tear the skin. It is this type of dog bite
wound that most often requires stitches.

How to Clean a Dog Bite Wound

1. Allow the puncture wound to bleed for a few minutes (providing that the blood flow is not
excessive.) This is a very effective way to flush bacteria from the dog bite wound. For
lacerations, apply pressure to stop the bleeding at the site of the dog bite.
2. Wash the wound with anti-bacterial soap for five full minutes. This is a vital step to combat
wound infection.
3. Flush the wound for an additional five full minutes, allowing water to run into the dog bite
wound.
4. Pat the area dry with a gauze pad. If gauze is not available, use a paper towel. Avoid towels, as
towels tend to harbor large amounts of bacteria.
5. Pour a generous amount of Betadine into the dog bite wounds and saturate the skin around the
wounds as well. This no-sting antiseptic solution will disinfect the wound sites. If Betadine is not
available, hydrogen peroxide will suffice.
6. Wipe up drips with sterile gauze, but leave a one-inch diameter around each wound. Allow the
wound and the skin within a one-inch diameter of each dog bite wound to air dry. Do not blow on
the skin to dry the Betadine (or hydrogen peroxide) – this contaminates the wound.
7. Using a sterile gauze pad, apply a generous amount of antibiotic ointment into each wound.
8. Cover the dog bite wounds with a sterile bandage. Rolled gauze works best for limbs, while it's
easier to tape down sterile gauze squares on the trunk or thigh.
9. Apply ice compresses to the dog bite wounds. This will help to limit the swelling which is
responsible for a large amount of the pain that's associated with a dog bite.

D. FIRST AID FOR WOUNDS

Wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external.

CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS

1. Closed wound

Causes:

 Blunt object that may result in contusion or bruises

 Application of external forces

Signs and Symptoms:

 Pain and tenderness

 Swelling
 Discoloration
 Hematoma
 Uncontrolled restlessness
 Thirst
 Symptoms of shock
 Vomiting or cough-up blood
 Passage of blood in the urine or feces
 Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal

First Aid Management:

  I- Iced application

 C- Compression
 E- Elevation
 S- Splinting

2. Open Wound- a break in the skin or mucous membrane; or the protective layer is damage.

Classification of Open Wound

 Classification  Causes Characteristics 
Penetrating pointed instruments
Deep and narrow, serious or
Puncture  uch as nail, ice picks, daggers,
slight bleeding. 
etc. 
Scrapping or rubbing against  Shallow, wide, oozing of
 Abrasion
rough surfaces. blood, dirty.
Blunt instruments such as  Torn with irregular edges,
 Laceration
rocks, broken glasses, etc. serious or slight bleeding.
 Explosion, animal bites,  Tissue forcefully separated
 Avulsion
mishandling of tools, etc. from the body.
 Sharp bladed instruments such  Clean cut, deep, severe
 Incision
as blades, razors, etc. bleeding, wound is clean.
Dangers:

 Hemorrhage
 Infection
 Shock

First Aid Management:

 C- Control bleeding
 C- Cover the wound
 C- Care for shock
 C- Consult or refer to physician

Home Care (Wounds with bleeding not severe)

 Clean the wound with soap and water.

 Apply mild antiseptics.
 Cover wounds with dressing and bandage.

Reminders:

1. All wounds must be thoroughly inspected and covered with a dry dressing to control bleeding and
prevent further contamination.
2. Once bleeding is controlled by compression, the limb should be splinted to further control
bleeding, stabilize the injured part, minimize the victim's pain and facilitate the patient's transport
to the hospital.
3. As with closed soft tissue injuries, the injured part should be elevated to just above the level of
the victim's heart to minimize severity.
4. Amputated body parts should be saved, wrapped in dry gauze, placed in a plastic bag, kept cool,
and transported with the patient.
5. Don't induce further bleeding to clean the wound.
6. Don't use absorbent cotton as a dressing. 

E. FIRST AID FOR NOSE BLEEDING

Bleeding by nose is common, especially during summers. Causes can range from local cause to systemic
diseases.

What to do:

1. Make the patient sit down with head forward

2. Pinch the nose just below the bridge for about 10 minutes and ask the patient to breathe through
his mouth and avoiding speaking, swallowing or coughing.
3. Cold compression can be given by using ice packs over the nose
area.
4. If bleeding does not stop, repeat nose pinching for another 10
minutes.
5. If bleeding still does not stop, seek immediate medical help.
6. If bleeding stops ask patient to avoid blowing nose.
Do not:

1. Make the patient exert physically.

2. Insert any object / medication in the nose.
3. Blow nose.
4. Make the patient speak, swallow or cough.

F. FIRST AID FOR SPRAIN/STRAIN

Sprains
A sprain typically occurs when people fall and land on an outstretched arm, slide into base, land on the
side of their foot, or twist a knee with the foot planted firmly on the ground. This results tearing of the
ligament(s) supporting that joint.

Common Types of Sprains

 Ankle Sprains
The ankle is one of the most common injuries in professional and recreational sports and
activities. Most ankle sprains happen when the foot abruptly turns inward (inversion) or outward
(eversion) as an athletes runs, turns, falls, or lands after a jump. One or more of the lateral
ligaments are injured.
 Wrist Sprains
Wrists are often sprained after a fall in which the athlete lands on an outstretched hand.

Signs and Symptoms of Sprains

 Pain
 Swelling
 Bruising
 Loss of functional ability (the ability to move and use the joint)

Strain is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon, the tissue that connects muscles to bones. Depending on
the severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the muscle or tendon, or it can result in a
partial or complete tear.

Common Types of Strains

 Back Strain
 Hamstring Strains
 Tendonitis ( inflammation of a tendon)

Signs and Symptoms of Strains

 Pain
 Muscle spasm
 Muscle weakness
 Localized swelling, cramping, or inflammation
When To See a Doctor for a Sprain or Strain

 You have severe pain and cannot put any weight on the injured joint.
 The area over the injured joint or next to it is very tender when you touch it.
 The injured area looks crooked or has lumps and bumps that you do not see on the uninjured
joint.
 You cannot move the injured joint.
 You cannot walk more than four steps without significant pain.
 Your limb buckles or gives way when you try to use the joint.
 You have numbness in any part of the injured area.
 You see redness or red streaks spreading out from the injury.
 You injure an area that has been injured several times before.
 You have pain, swelling, or redness over a bony part of your foot.

Treating Muscle Sprains and Strains

The treatment of muscle sprains and strains has two main goals. The first goal is to reduce swelling and
pain; the second is to speed recovery and rehabilitation.

To reduce swelling it is recommended to follow use R.I.C.E. therapy (Rest, Ice, Compression and
Elevation) for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury.

An over the counter (or prescription) anti-inflammatory medication may also help decrease pain and
inflammation.

R.I.C.E. Therapy

Rest
Reduce regular exercise or other activities as much as you can. Your doctor may advise you to put no
weight on an injured area for 48 hours. If you cannot put weight on an ankle or knee, crutches may help.
If you use a cane or one crutch for an ankle injury, use it on the uninjured side to help you lean away and
relieve weight on the injured ankle.

Ice
Apply an ice pack to the injured area for 20 minutes at a time, four to eight times a day. A cold pack, ice
bag, or plastic bag filled with crushed ice and wrapped in a towel can be used. To avoid cold injury and
frostbite, do not apply the ice for more than 20 minutes.

Compression
Compression of an injured ankle, knee, or wrist may help reduce swelling. Examples of compression
bandages are elastic wraps, special boots, air casts, and splints. Ask your doctor for advice on which one
to use.

Elevation
If possible, keep the injured ankle, knee, elbow, or wrist elevated on a pillow, above the level of the heart,
to help decrease swelling.
 III. Lesson Plan
A. Learners:
The learners of this School Teaching are the 3 rd year High School students of Mabalacat Technical
High School

B. Topic:
“First-Aid”

C. Objectives:
1. Student – centered
The group will be able to:
 Use teaching strategies to their students
 Demonstrate the treatment of certain First-Aid treatment
 Demonstrate the use of materials that will be seen in the community

2. Client – centered
The students will be able to:
 Be aware in the concepts of First-Aid
 Learn about the definitions and treatments of First-Aid topics
 Demonstrate the different treatments
 Use materials that can only be found in the community

D. Methods of Teaching:

The class session will be made or conducted through a lecture type of traditional teaching
method. The students will have the opportunity to interact with one another by sharing or clarifying some
given information.

After all the information have been discussed and clarified, a specific time will be allotted for a
questioning type of teaching strategy or in the form of quiz bee. The class will be divided in groups to
participate in the said quiz bee. Students will be ask some questions regarding the topic and it can serve as
an evaluation tool to asses if all the students understand the discussion and if the strategy used was
effective.
 E. Materials:

In order for the group to catch the attention of the listeners and for them to understand the topic
easily, the following are the materials that they will utilize:
 Written visual aids
 Materials for Demonstrations
 Chalk and Blackboard
 Materials for Group Dynamics and Evaluation

Content To Be Taught Teacher – Learner Activities Evaluation of Performance

I. Introduction:

II. Concepts:

III. Summary:

IV. Summary

V. Evaluation

VI. Bibliography

 http://www.rcyofuplb.org/index.php/Basic-First-Aid/First-Aid-for-Burns.html
 http://horizonsnu.com/treating_snake_bites_in_the_philippines.html
 http://first
aid.suite101.com/article.cfm/how_to_clean_and_treat_a_dog_bite_wound_at_home
 http://horizonsnu.com/treating_snake_bites_in_the_philippines.html
  http://www.rcyofuplb.org/index.php/Basic-First-Aid/First-Aid-for-Wounds.html

 http://www.firstaid.ie/tip_nose_bleed.htm
 http://sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/injuries/a/sprains_2.htm

VII. Appendices