Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

(CvSU)
DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS
Indang, Cavite

COLLEGE OF SPORTS, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION

Department of Physical Education

FITT 4: PYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH & FITNESS 2 (OUTDOOR

RECREATION ACTIVITIES)

Second Semester, AY 2020 – 2021

LESSON 1
OUTDOOR RECREATION

What is outdoor recreation?

OUTDOOR RECREATION
 is organized activities done during one’s free time for his/her own personal reason,
where an interaction between man and an element of nature and present.
 in a broad sense is a space outside an enclosed area.
 includes the natural environment and resources which comprises the land, water,
wildlife, vegetation, open space, and scenery.

RECREATION
 Is derived from the Latin word recreare which means to be refreshed.

DIFFERENT OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

LAND ACTIVITIES
 Camping
 Rock Climbing
 Mountain Biking
 Back Packing
 Trekking/Hiking
 Mountaineering
 Picnic
 Bird Watching
 Orienteering

WATER ACTIVITIES
 Swimming
 Surfing
 White Water Rafting
  Canyoneering
 Bamboo Rafting
 Snorkeling
 Canoeing
 Kayaking
 Fishing
 Diving
 Sailing

AIR ACTIVITIES
 Parasaling
 Skydiving
 Paragliding

BENEFITS OF OUTDOORS ACTIVITIES

PHYSICAL HEALTH BENEFITS- Prevent a person from having a sedentary life.

SOCIAL BENEFITS-
 Family Bonding
 Meet and interact with others
 Promotes stewardship

ECONOMIC BENEFITS- More productive at work

SPIRITUAL BENEFITS- Stir up spiritual values

PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL BENEFITS- Helps people to rest, relax, de-stress or unwind, and

feel revitalized

IMPORTANT THINGS THAT SHOULD BE REMEMBERED WHEN PARTICIPATING IN AN

OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY.

THE LEAVE NO TRACE SEVEN PRINCIPLES

-A guiding principle for all outdoorsmen to help in preserving the pristine of nature,
avoidance of unexpected emergencies, while enjoying the privileges of having time with
nature.

1. Plan ahead and be Prepared

 Pick appropriate goals
 Know the area and what to expect
 Get necessary permits and follow agency guidelines.
 Operate in small teams.
 Select appropriate equipment and clothing.
 Repackage food
 Stay safe
 Create checklist
 Follow your itinerary.
2. Travel and camp on durable surfaces
 Durable surfaces includes established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, dry grasses
and snow.
 Protect riparian areas by camping at least 200 feet from lakes and streams.
 Good campsites are found not made. Altering a site is not necessary.
 In popular areas: concentrate on existing trails and campsites.
 Walk in single file in the middle of the trail even when wet or muddy.
 Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent.
 In pristine areas:
 Avoid place where impacts are just beginning.
 Disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails.

3. Respect wildlife
 Quick movement and loud noises are stressful to animals. Travel quietly and do not
pursue, feed or force animals to flee.
 Do not touch, get close to, feed or pick up wild animals. It is stressful to animals, and
it may bite (rabies).
 Observe wildlife from a distance.
 Avoid animals during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young, and
hibernating.
 Wear earth tone clothes, but not military outfit.
 Avoid bright colorful clothing and equipment.
 Keep your light minimal.
 Feeding wildlife can alter their diet and can exposed them to predators.

4. Leave what you find

 Avoid damaging live trees and plants.
 Leave natural objects and cultural artifacts.
 Avoid introducing or transporting non-native species.
 Do not build structures, furniture or dig trenches.
 Rubberized the end of your trek poles.

5. Dispose of waste properly

 Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsites and rest areas for trash or spilled foods.
 Deposit solid human waste in catholes dug 6 to 8 inches deep at least 200 feet away
from trail, camp, and water source. Cover and disguise the cathole when finished.
 Pack out toilet paper sand hygiene products.
 To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams, and use
small amount of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater.

6. Minimize camp-fire impact

 Campfires can cause lasting impact to the backcountry. Use a lightweight stove for
cooking and enjoy a candle lantern for lights.
 When fires are permitted, use established fire rings, fire pans, or mound fires.
 Keep fires small.
 Burn all wood and coals to ash, put out camp fires completely, then scatter cool
ashes.

7. Be considerate to other visitors

  Many people come to outdoors to listen to the nature. Excessive noise, unleashed pets
and damage surroundings takes away from everyone’s experience.
 Hikers and bicyclists should move off the trail to the downhill side.

Commonly visitors created impact

 Garbage
 Trampled vegetation
 Trails
 Forest fires
 Wildlife dependence to human food
 Vandalism
 Contaminated water sources
 Name carved on tress and caves

References:

UP Mountaineer’s Club (2017). UPM Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook, Diliman, Quezon City
LNT.Org (2016). Seven Leave No Trace Principles, LNT. Org
Physical Education and Health Volume II, First Edition, Published, copyrighted 2017, and distributed by Rex Bookstore, Inc. Conrado R.
Aparato, Zyra Ruth Talaroc-Brebante, Lualhati Fernando-Callo, Peter Fermin Dajime.

LESSON 2
BASIC MOUNTAINEERING COURSE

MOUNTAINEERING

 A kind of outdoor-recreational activities that aims to reach the peak of a forest-mountain.

 Also known as Mountain Climbing, Backpacking, Hiking, Trekking, Camping and Living in
Wilderness

Why Do We Climb?

 Appreciate Nature
 Experience new environments
 Broaden one’s horizon
 Acquire new skills and interests
 Learn and appreciate other cultures
 Appreciate the value of outdoor recreation
 Gain spiritual insights

Back ountry

 Generally, means a place which there is no vehicle access, no facilities, nothing developed.
You've got to get out there on your own human power, carrying everything you need, and it
should be some distance from roads.

Front Country
  Is composed of outdoor areas that are easily accessible by vehicle and mostly visited by day
users. Developed campgrounds are also included in the front country arena. Front country
locations tend to be more crowded and attract a wider range of visitor than backcountry

Rainforest
 A type of dense forest of evergreen trees growing in regions of heavy year-round rainfall in
tropical latitudes and warm temperate latitudes. Rainforest have most complex and diverse
ecosystems, and sustain the greatest concentration of biological diversity, almost half of all
species of animals and plants on earth.

Values of Mountaineering

 Self-reliance
 Wilderness survival skills
 Leadership and team-work
 Environmentalism/Ecological Education
 Helping local economy
 Eco-Tourism
 Outdoor fitness activity

Mountaineer’s Creed
Take nothing but picture
Kill nothing but time
Leave nothing but your tracks

Climb Ethics

-Local Cultural Sensitivity

 Respect what is sacred to them.
 Be conscious of your behavior, as it may be offensive to their traditions and practices.
 Make a courtesy call to the local officials.
-Local Economy
 Plan carefully.
 Determine beforehand or consult local officials for the standard rates for professional services
such as guide and porter fees.
 Give only tokens for appreciation so that giving of material things will not be misunderstood
as an exchange for favors.
 Low-impact mountaineering

 Every mountaineer must be fully conscious of the fragile

 Balance of nature and the importance of leaving the mountain in its original state as much as
possible.

Interaction w/fellow mountaineers

In the spirit of sportsmanship and camaraderie, we should establish and strengthen our ties with our
fellow mountaineers by behaving with propriety.

1. Each member of the club is equal regardless of gender, sexual orientation, creed, age, and race.
2. Respect for individual rights should be observed at all times.
3. Greet fellow mountaineers or local folks that you meet along the trail.
4. Offer your hand for a handshake.
5. Introduce yourself.
6.State the name of your club.

Mountaineering Activities
 Physical conditioning
 Climb Planning
 Gears Preparation
 Pitching tent
 Fire-making
 Trail sign and tracking
 Trekking formation and trail sign reading
 Knot tying and Rope Manship
 Cooking and Water Management
 Forest Protection Project
 River Crossing
 First Aid
 Map Reading and Orienteering

Mountaineering is FUN but DANGEROUS

 Exposed to elements
 Usually isolated away from outside assistance.
 Requires focus and specific sets of skills.
 Weigh the risks against rewards.
 Careful planning and execution.
 You are never the master of the environment.

Physical and Mental Preparation

 Build cardio-vascular and muscular endurance (run-jogging, weight training, and flexibility
exercises)
 Eat and sleep well before any trip. (more carbo before; potassium & sodium rich food during
the event; protein right after the activity)
 Mountain forest is not always dry.
 Expect the worst, hope for the best.
 Patience, good-humor, and respect.

PLAN YOUR CLIMB!!!

 Unexpected dangers when lack of Planning:

 lost, thirst and hungry.
 Hypothermia
 Injuries
 Crime

References:

UP Mountaineer’s Club (2017). UPM Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook, Diliman, Quezon City
LNT.Org (2016). Seven Leave No Trace Principles, LNT. Org

LESSON 3
CLIMB PREPARATION

1. Preparation
Objective:
1.1. Build cardio-respiratory endurance for long hours of hike and climb.
1.2. Build muscle strength and endurance for long hours of backpacking and trekking different terrain.
1.3. Enough flexibility for easy of movement while trekking.

2. Mental Preparation

Objective:
2.1. Develop clear and calm mind needed in decision making.
2.2. Mental toughness during hard-time and difficulties when faced with emergencies.

Planning Sequences

1. Climb Objectives (level of preparation, what do the group want to achieve)

2. Nature of Climb (level of difficulty, nature of terrain, mountain elevation)
3. Pre-Climb Meeting
4. Grouping
5. Budgeting
6. Meal plans and Equipment
7. Courtesy calls
8. Contact person
9. Post climb meet

Climb Categories

1. Minor Climb (fun or recreational climb, experiential climb).

2. Major Climb (high level of difficulties, need more preparation and other consideration).
3. Training Climb (for developing and skills progress of club members).
4. Clean-up Climb (bantay banahaw, tree planting)
5. Exploratory Climb (expedition, needs more planning and preparation).
6. Guide-ship Climb (a tour-aid type climb)

Climb Difficulty scale

by: Gideon Lasco

Scale Difficulty Criteria

1 Very Easy treks less than 30 minutes in paved/cemented roads or clear paths.

2 Easy Single trail lasting less than 2 hours in length, not exceeding class 2.

3 Mild Trail requiring less than 2 hours but with parts exceeding class 3; or 2-5 hours in length but not exceeding class
2.

4 Average Trail requiring 2-5 hours, with parts of trail class 3 or higher; or trek lasting 5-9 hours, with parts of trail not
exceeding class 2.

5 Moderate Trail lasting 5-9 hours with parts of trail class 3 or higher; or all long treks not exceeding class 2.

6 Challenging Mountains under class 5 with place-specific circumstances not accounted for by trail class.

7 Difficult Trek lasting 5-9 hours, with parts of trail class 4 or higher with cold weather OR trek requiring 3 or more days.

8 Strenuous treks requiring more than 3 days average with varied, potentially hazardous environments or Trail class 5-6 for
2 hours.

9 Technical Either Trail class 5-6 more than 8 hours or very long treks requiring 4 days average or less than 3 days but
exploratory in nature and summitability non-assured
Pre-Climb Meet
At least three (3) days before the climb.

Agenda:
1. Objective of the Climb
2. Nature of the Climb
3. Route Planning
4. Itinerary (timetable, transportation, fees, climb officials, things to bring, water source, ETA: have
an
allowance but try to stick on sked)
5. Groupings (trail grouping, meal grouping, tent grouping)
6. Budgeting (food/transportation costs, porter fee, barangay fee, permit)
7. Meal Planning (food, extra food, water, fuel, extra)
8. Equipment (load sharing)
9. Courtesy calls
10. Contact person (who, when to expect home)

Post Climb Meeting

 All participants must attend
 To meet not more than five (5) days after the climb
 Review objectives
 Outcome of the climb
 Lesson learned
 Individual impression of each member
 Return of equipment’s
 Group scribe must submit a minute of the meeting
 Future plans

Equipment Familiarization

 Essential Gears
 Group Equipment
 Food Provision
 Survival and Repair Kit
 Optional Items

 Essential Gears

 Money (water proof, be discreet)

 Cell phone or other communication device
 ID card
 Dog tag and whistle
 Hiking boots
 Backpack
 Fire starter (lighter, water proofed, instant fuel)
 Flashlight and extra batteries
 Folding knife/Multi tools
 Trail water
 Wind Breaker/Rain Gear/Poncho
 Water containers (pack it OUTSIDE the water proofing)
 Mess kit
  Notebook and pencil
 Plastic bags and trash bags
 Sandals

 Hiking Boots

 Hiking shoes as the most essential piece of personal equipment.

 Trainer shoes can be as for beginners.
 Bring trekking sandals for in-camp site uses.

 Backpack
 Note: maximum carrying load should not exceed one-third (1/3) of your body weight.

Remember: ABCD
A – accessibility
B – Balance
C – Compressibility
D – double water proofing

 Group Equipment

 Tent
 Stove
 Groundsheet and earth pad
 Bolo and whet stone
 Map and compass
 Rope
 Group Flag
 Camping Light
 Camping light
 Climbing hardware
 Trowel

 Clothing and Sleeping Gears

  Note: avoid using clothes made of cotton and neon-colored clothes.
No. of days + 1; bundle clothes per day
Cloth Layering:
 Base layer (synthetic, mid-weight, long underwear)
 Insulation layer (sweater)
 Outside layer (water-wind proof and breathable suit)
 Sleeping Bag:
 Choose sleeping bag that is light, compact and quick drying, but warm enough to
provide protection

 Food Provisions
 Trail Food
 Packed Lunch
 Fuel for Stove
 Group Food
 Rice and eggs
 Cook set
 Minimal spoilage
 Lightweight
 Less water consumption
 Easy to Prepare
 Nutritious (more CHO and potassium rich)

 Survival Kit

 Usually placed on top compartment of backpack

 Includes:
 waterproofed matches, signal mirror, extra trail food, surgical rubber glove/condom.

 First Aid Kit

 Must contain: Personal medicine, triangular bandage, adhesive bandage, forceps;

medicine for fever, diarrhea, allergies, skin irritation, alcohol/betadine, insect
repellant.

 Toiletries
 Toilet paper
 Toothpaste/tooth brush
 Dental floss
 Sun block
 Biodegradable soap
 Other personal hygienic needs

 Repair Kit
 Duct tape, needle, tying string, nylon string, safety pins.

 Optional Items

 Rubber bands/garters
 Camera and tripod
 Portable stool
 Walking stick
  Back pack cover
 Hammock with tree huggers
 Tarp shelter and strings

References:

Mc Manners (1995). The Backpacker’s Handbook, DK Publication, London, UK

UPM, (2015). Basic Mountaineering Handbook, UP Diliman, Quezon City

LESSON 4
TRAIL SIGN, TREKKING AND CAMPING

TREKKING

 to go on a long arduous journey, typically on foot

 trekking is defined as a “journey”, which is typically something that is more challenging,
requires more effort and that tends to take more than one day.

TOP EIGHT BENEFITS OF TREKKING

 Overall improved fitness: One of the major benefits of trekking is that it improves your
physical health immensely. Spending multiple hours on the trail, climbing around boulders,
rock hopping and ascending hills gives your whole body a workout, improving your strength,
agility and cardio fitness.

 Reduces Stress: Exposure to nature can counteract the negative effects of stress and anxiety:
Those who completed the nature walk tended toward less rumination—the acute focus on
one’s distress—than those who took the urban route”. Spending time outdoors on a trek or
active holiday in nature is a perfect way to cleanse your mind from the stress and worries
from home.
 Social benefits: Trekking with other people can create lifelong friendships. While trekking,
you are able to spend time bonding with members of the group, motivating and encouraging
each other to keep going and persevere when times get tough.

 Softer skill development: The benefits of trekking don’t just apply to your physical, mental
or social health – it can also benefit your management skills, believe it or not! When planning
your trek, you may find yourself setting training targets, planning for the trek, organizing your
schedule, setting goals, learning how to adapt to change and developing your mental strength.
 Cultural Understanding: A visit into the wilderness also equates to a visit into the wildlife
homeland! Wildlife and bird watching is one of the many highlights while on a trek, and can
give a unique insight into the ecosystems of a destination.

 Improves Cardiovascular strength: Regular trekking can increase cardiovascular strength

as the heart has to pump harder to keep up with the oxygen demand while trekking.

 Inner Cleanse: While trekking, you're much less likely to drink coffee or alcohol, but you'll
drink plenty of H20 and eat wholefoods. Consuming nothing but goodness for a week or more
has positive outcomes for inner health. You'll feel fantastic, your skin rejuvenates and there is
definitely empowerment when the body goes a la natural.

CAMPING

- The activity of spending a vacation living in a camp, tent, or camper.

 Camp – place consisting of a more or less permanent shelters used for camping/vacation
or for other recreational purposes.
 Campers – person who camps outdoor attending any type of gathering, which made their
activities outdoor held in tent and lasting for a number of days.
 Campfire – a meeting of campers around such fire.
 Camp followers – person who follow the campers from place to place to provide services
or sell goods.
 Campsite – an area suited for camping. Place where you can build your tent.
 Prairies – a large area of flat or rolling grass land with few and isolated trees. This is the
land of place where campers build their tents.
 Tent – portable shelter usually of canvas or skins stretched over a supporting framework
of poles.
 Wood craft – the skills and expression in matters pertaining to the woods, as hunting,
fishing or camping.

When looking for a campsite, remember:

 Look for durable surfaces include established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, or dry
grasses.
 Protect riparian areas by camping at least 61 meters (200FT) from lakes and streams.
 Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary.

CAMPING CATEGORIES
 Organize Camping – camping design to provide outdoor experiences under a
supervision of a group of professional staff and trained camp leaders.
A. Short – Term Camping – combination of hike and camping, extending
more or less for one or two nights.
Backyard Camping – done in developed place like the school campus.
Day camping – campers stay in camp only for a day.
  Standing Camp – extends more over than three days and two nights.
1. Resident Camp – lasting for several days or weeks. They have more
time to know each other.
2. Testing Camp – to test leaders in their ability to lead or run a camp
3. Summer Camp – during summer where selected campers are allowed to
join.
 Traveling Camp – a moving camp considered the most difficult kind of camping.
Every morning or every other morning, a camp is broken and moves to other places.
 Fresh Air Camping – outdoor living that provides experiences for families living in
congested areas.
 Specialized Camping – a modified camping with programs for the physically and
mentally challenged individual.
 School Camping –program of outdoor education design for the benefit of the school
children.
 G. Individual and Family Camping – camping widely enjoy by many, the range of
which extends from lone camper to congregate groups sleeping in tent or temporary
shelters

Camping Benefits

 Source of recreation and enjoyment

 Major source of business
 Social Enrichment
 Personal Development
 Offers the Good Chance to serve Other People
 Learning to take a Closer Look to one’s need and Interest in the Future.

Going on Camping

 Camping Preparation
 WHAT WHERE WHEN HOW
 Camp Organization
 Getting Ready for the Camp
 Preliminary Campsite Visitation (Ocular)
 Water
 Fire wood
 Terrain
 Exposure
 Safety

SETTING UP A TENT

- When setting up a tent:

 Remove all pointed objects or stones.
 Place ground sheet.
 Place tent on top of ground sheet with pegs properly installed and tent properly oriented
according to wind direction.
 Connect your tent poles
 Insert tent-poles.
 Install fly sheet and taut lines.
 Raises the tent
 Stake the tent to the ground
TYPE OF A TENT

PARTS OF A TENT

References:

A. LNT Org (2016). Retrieve from www.LNT.org

B. UP Mountaineers Club 2017, UPM Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook, Diliman, Quezon City
C. Jiro Kenshikuro 2017, Mountaineering for Begineers
D. Mountaineering: the freedom of the hills, 2017
FE Physical Education and Health Volume II, First Edition, Published, copyrited 2017, and distributed by Rex Bookstore, Inc. Conrado R.
Aparato, Zyra Ruth Talaroc-Brebante, Lualhati Fernando-Callo, Peter Fermin Dajime.
LESSON 5
MAP, COMPASS AND ORIENTEERING

 ORIENTEERING

 Basic Idea- Participant must navigate from one point to another using a map and compass.
 An Adventure- Orienteering can be enjoyed a leisurely walk in the woods or as competitive
race.
WHY ORIENTEER?

 Enjoy the outdoors

 Challenge yourself physically
 Challenge yourself mentally
 Gain navigational skills

BASIC ORIENTEERING SKILLS

 Folding the map.

 Thumbing the map.
 Orientating the map to north (with ground or compass)
 Reading features on the map.
 Taking a compass bearing.
 Following a compass bearing.
 Pacing.
 Judging Distance.

 MAP READING AND COMPASS USE

ORIENTEERING MAP

 Orienteering maps are made especially for bush navigation and show much more detail than
most topographic maps. Such maps depict natural features such as contours, watercourses,
rock detail and vegetation as well as constructed features such as roads, building and power
lines.

PARTS OF A MAP

 Title - What the map is, on the top of the map.

 Scale - Tells you how to read the distance on the map.
 Compass Rose - Shows the directions on the map.
 Legend - Lists each symbol and explains what it shows on the map.

MAP DIRECTION

 4 Cardinal points (North, South, East, and West).

 Further divided in 16 divisions.
 Each division is approximately 22.5 mils or 500 mils.

COMPASS
  True North - The direction of the Earth’s North Pole, which is 90 degrees north. The North
Pole star is directly above the North Pole.
 Magnetic North - The direction of the Earth’s magnetic pole, i.e., the direction in which the
needle of the compass point.
 Grid North - The direction of the vertical grid line called eastings.
 NOTE: all three North do not point at the same direction.
 Is a navigation and orientation instrument that shows direction relative to geographic
directions.
 There are many types of compasses such as Protractor compass or Orienteering compass,
Lensatic compass, Thumb compass, Digital apps, GPS, Specialty compass (gyrocompass, and
geological compass). For mountaineering the protractor compass is the commonly use in
navigation.

PARTS OF ORIENTEERING COMPASS

 SCALES AND RULERS

 These are the lines and numbers that run along the edges of the baseplate, revealing distances
on paper and conversions into actual distances (as in: This many inch is actually this many
miles).
 DIRECTION OF TRAVEL ARROW
 This is usually a small triangle that points to the shortest edge of the baseplate away from the
compass housing.
 ROTATING HOUSING
 The needle spins inside of this, which is enclosed and raised above the rest of the baseplate.
The dial rotates around it.
 INDEX LINE
 This is the end of the straight line from the direction of travel arrow where it touches the dial.
It may sit on the opposite end of the magnifier.
 DIAL WITH DEGREES
 This circle rotates around the housing. It's marked in degrees, going from 0 to 360 for a
complete circle.
 DECLINATION SCALE
  These marks help users if they're navigating in an area in which magnetic north and true north
don't exactly match up. 'Declination' is the term for the difference between the two, which can
change depending on the user's spot on the globe
 ORIENTING ARROW
 This is an arrow marked on the base of the housing, and it rotates along with the dial.
 ORIENTING LINES
 These lines run parallel to and rotate with the orienting arrow.
 A BASEPLATE
 This flat, roughly rectangular surface holds the compass housing and is marked with lines,
numbers, and other information necessary to translating data from maps into information that
can be used in the real world
 MAGNETIC NEEDLE
 This is the thin, magnetized sliver that spins in relation to the Earth's magnetic field and
indicates the direction of north. It's the key component of a compass
NOTE:
All compasses are different. Some come with everything mentioned here, some have mirrors and other features for more advanced
techniques, and some are stripped-down tools perfect for learning the basics.

References:

A. LNT Org (2016). Retrieve from www.LNT.org

B. UP Mountaineers Club 2017, UPM Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook, Diliman, Quezon City
C. Jiro Kenshikuro 2017, Mountaineering for Begineers
D. Mountaineering: the freedom of the hills, 2017
FE Physical Education and Health Volume II, First Edition, Published, copyrited 2017, and distributed by Rex Bookstore, Inc. Conrado R.
Aparato, Zyra Ruth Talaroc-Brebante, Lualhati Fernando-Callo, Peter Fermin Dajime.

LESSON 6
KNOT TYING, LASHING, AND GADGET MAKING

 KNOT TYING

 An outdoor skill used in interlacing or fastening of the parts of one or more ropes.
 It is a basic and essential life skill.
 Learning basic knots is not only cool and interesting but could even save your life one
day.
 In mountaineering, knowledge and skills in rope are necessary for pitching tent,
preparing a turf, climbing and ascending, packing things, and many more.

Rope Knot Terminology Tying Instructions

 Bight: Any part of a rope between the ends. Bight also is used to refer to a curved section of
a rope within a knot being tied.

 Loop: A bight becomes a loop when the two ropes cross. If the working end is crossed over
the standing line, it is an overhand loop. It is an underhand loop if the working end runs under
the standing part.
 Elbow: Two or more loops in close proximity to each other.
 Working End: The active end being used to tie the knot.
 Standing End: The end not being use in the tying of the knot. The rope part that is not being
used is called the Standing Part.

Few examples for knot Tying that can be used in mountaineering:

 Overhand knot: this knot is used as a safety knot with the purpose of securing loose ends.
  Figure-8 stopper knot: is used to stop the end of the rope from moving through a device such
as a rappel rack.
 Bowline: this knot may be used as a static anchor knot. However, this should NEVER be used
in moving application because it can untie when going over an edge. Remember to always
safely the loose end.
 Butterfly Knot: this is a bridle knot that provides a midline attachment point. This knot is
designed to take a three-dimensional pull.
 Square knot: this is used in binding two ropes, with the same diameter, together. To know if a
square knot is done correctly, the tail ends should emerge from the same side of knot. But
remember, square knot should not be used in load-bearing application or to support a human
load.
 Double Fisherman’s knot this is used to join two ropes of equal (or slightly unequal) diameter
together for load bearing applications.
 Clove Hitch: this is an adjustable anchor hitch often tied around anchor points, horizontally or
vertically.
 Cow Hitch: this is used to anchor.

LASHING TYPES

 SHEER LASHING: This method is used to join two poles together to form a scissor shape
often used for table legs (sheer legs).
 ROUND LASHING: This method is used to join two poles to make a longer length, for
example when making a flagpole.
 CONTINUOUS LASHING: This method is used to join flat planks (lath) or small poles on
to a horizontal surface. This is the last step in building a table top or chair seat.
NOTE:
 STRONG verses WRONG: Since lashing has been around for so long and is practiced in
every country on the planet, there are many different ways to lash. Keep in mind that NO one
way is the ONLY way – rather judge your technique based on how strong or secure it is and
how neat the lashing looks. Keep trying different standard ways until you find a method that
works best for you and your project.

GADGET MAKING

SAMPLE CAMP GADGETS

 Simple camp table, Camp cloth drying rack, Forked Sticks and cross bar, Dish washing rack,
Double fire bucket holder, Hand wash station and Garbage bag holder
References:
A. LNT Org (2016). Retrieve from www.LNT.org
B. UP Mountaineers Club 2017, UPM Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook, Diliman, Quezon City
C. Jiro Kenshikuro 2017, Mountaineering for Begineers
D. Mountaineering: the freedom of the hills, 2017
FE Physical Education and Health Volume II, First Edition, Published, copyrited 2017, and distributed by Rex Bookstore, Inc. Conrado R. Aparato, Zyra Ruth Talaroc-
Brebante, Lualhati Fernando-Callo, Peter Fermin Dajime.

LESSON 7
FIRE BUILDING AND FIRE MAKING

What is the Fire Triangle?

- The fire triangle, or combustion triangle, is the three components needed to ignite and sustain
a fire. The three ingredients of a fire triangle are; heat, fuel and oxygen.
- If just one of these components is removed, the fire triangle will collapse and the fire will be
extinguished.
 1. Heat- A source of heat is required in order for ignition to occur, and different materials have
different ‘flash points’ e.g. the lowest temperature at which they ignite.
2. Fuel- In order for a fire to start there must be a material to burn – and this is referred to as the
fuel.
Fuel is any kind of combustible material, including paper, oils, wood, gases, fabrics,
liquids,
and rubber.
3. Oxygen- To sustain the combustion reaction, oxygen (or an oxidizing agent) is needed, as it
reacts
with the burning fuel to release heat and CO2. Earth’s atmosphere consists of 21%
oxygen,
so there is plenty available to trigger a fire if the other two components are present.

Fire Triangle Facts

 Normal air contains 21% oxygen.

 Fuel may also contain oxygen
 Heat sources include: the Sun, hot surfaces, sparks, friction and
electrical energy.
 Fuel sources can be a solid, liquid or gas.
How to build a camp fire

 Find or Build a Fire Ring- Campgrounds: Build fires only in designated fire rings, grills or
fireplaces. Most developed campgrounds have some version of these. Using a fire ring will
lesson your impact and keep your fire contained.
 Evaluate the site before starting a fire. If the site is brushy or has low-hanging branches, keep
your fire small or skip it altogether. In dry conditions, fly-away embers could easily ignite a
wildfire.
 Backcountry: In backcountry areas where fires are permitted, use an existing fire ring if one
has been left behind.
 Clear away all flammable material from your fire pit. Ideally, the base of your fire should be
sand or gravel or mineral soil. Intense heat can sterilize healthy soil, so choose your site
conscientiously.

 Gather Fire Wood

 To burn a successful fire, you’ll need three types fuel: tinder, kindling and
firewood.
Tinder includes small twigs, dry leaves, needles or forest duff.
Kindling consists of small sticks, typically less than one inch around.
Firewood is any larger piece of wood and is what will keep your fire going
long into the night.
  Build the Campfire

 Cone: Start with a small cone of kindling around a few handfuls of tinder that are
loosely piled in the center of the fire ring. Once the fire is going strong and the
temperature increases, you can add larger logs a few at a time as needed.
 Log cabin: Place two larger pieces of firewood parallel to each other and with some
room in between to form the base of your structure. Then, turn 90 degrees and place
two slightly smaller pieces on top and perpendicular to form a square. Place plenty of
tinder inside the square. Continue adding a few more layers of firewood around the
perimeter, getting a little bit smaller with each layer. Finish with a layer of kindling
and tinder across the top. Remember to leave space between logs so the fire can get
plenty of oxygen.
 Upside down (pyramid): Start with three or four of your largest logs side-by-side on
the bottom layer. Turn 90 degrees and then add a second layer of slightly smaller logs
on top. Continue alternating a few more layers in this manner, getting smaller as you
go. Place your kindling and tinder on top.

 . Light the Campfire

 Light the tinder with a match or lighter. Using fire starter that is designed to easily
ignite can help the tinder catch the flame.
 After lighting the tinder, blow lightly at the base of the fire to provide oxygen,
which will help increase the intensity of the flame and further ignite the wood.
 As the fire burns, move embers to the center to burn them completely. Ideally, you
should reduce them to white ash.

 Extinguish the Campfire

 Generally, though, you should extinguish your fire by pouring water on it (be careful
not to stand where the steam can scald you), stirring the ashes, then applying more
water. Repeat as often as needed. Ashes should be cool to the touch before you leave
the site. Be utterly certain a fire and its embers are out and cold before you depart.

 Clean up the Campfire

 Burn trash items only if they can be fully consumed by fire and turned to ash. Do not
attempt to burn plastic, cans or foil. If you do burn something that's not fully
consumed, collect the remains when the fire is out and either pack it out or put it in a
trash receptacle.

References:

A. LNT Org (2016). Retrieve from www.LNT.org

B. UP Mountaineers Club 2017, UPM Basic Mountaineering Course Handbook, Diliman, Quezon City
C. Jiro Kenshikuro 2017, Mountaineering for Begineers
D. Mountaineering: the freedom of the hills, 2017
FE Physical Education and Health Volume II, First Edition, Published, copyrited 2017, and distributed by Rex Bookstore, Inc. Conrado R.
Aparato, Zyra Ruth Talaroc-Brebante, Lualhati Fernando-Callo, Peter Fermin Dajime.

Prepared by:

MARY ANN R. CARDINES

DATE: FEBRUARY 08, 2021