and its importance 2. Recall rules you have to follow and why you need to follow them 3. Differentiate moral from non-moral standards 4. Recall a moral experience and detect the moral dilemma present in it. 5. Define why only human beings are moral Did you ever wonder why people need to be good and avoid what is evil?
Ethics is the science of human conduct.
The important terms that can be seen in them are:
Science – systematic study or a system of scientific
conclusions clearly demonstrated, derived from clearly established principles. Morality – the quality of human acts as right, wrong or indifferent. Human acts – acts done with knowledge, freedom and voluntariness. Importance of studying Ethics
Ethics means right living and good moral character
and it is in good moral character that man finds his true worth and perfection. Di baleng bobo, basta mabuting tao. (pero syempre… pinaka-ok, kung matalino na, mabuti pa) Education is the harmonious development of the whole man-of all man’s faculties: the moral, intellectual, and physical powers in man. Now then highest of man’s power are his reason and will. Hence, the primary objective of education is the moral development of the will. Rules And Its Importance To Social Beings
You find rules everywhere. But did you ever
ask yourself why you need to follow them? 1. Rules protect social beings by regulating behaviour. Rules build boundaries that place limits on behaviour. Rules are usually coupled with means to impose consequences on those who violate them. Explain: Provisions vs. Prohibitions
2. Rules help to guarantee each person
certain right and freedom. Rules form frameworks for society. Nations are generally nations of laws and the governing principles are outlined in what is called constitution. Article III: BILL OF RIGHTS: 1: Right to life, liberty, and property • you should not be deprive of your life, liberty, and property 2: Right against unreasonable searches and seizures 3: Every person has the right to keep his communication or correspondence a secret. 4: Freedom of Speech. Right to a Free Press; Freedom of Assembly; the Right of Petition 5: Freedom of Religion 6: The liberty of abode & the right to travel. 7: The right to information. 8: Right to form associations. 9: The Right to Just Compensation. 10: Non-Impairment Clause. 11: Free Access to Court 12: Right of Person under Custodial Investigation 13: The Right to Bail & against Excessive Bail 14: Rights of the Accused • Right to Due Process of Law in Criminal Cases • Innocent until Proven Guilty • The Right to Confront One’s Accuser 15: Writ of Habeas Corpus 16: Right to Speedy Disposition of Cases. 17: Right against self- incrimination 18: The Right to political beliefs and aspirations. 19: The prohibition against cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment 20: Non- Imprisonment for debts 21: Right against double jeopardy 22: Ex post facto law and bill of attainder 3. Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings. Rules are needed in order to keep the strong from dominating the weak that is to prevent exploitation and domination. Without rules, schemes in which those with the power control the system, would take over. In effect, rules generate a stable system that provides justice, in which even the richest and the most powerful have limitations on what they can do.
4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic system.
Without rules regulating business, power would centralize around monopolies and threaten the strength and competitiveness of the system. Rules are needed to ensure product safety, employee’s safety and product quality. Copyright and patents help protect people’s intellectual property. Rules and regulations also keep the banking system stable so as to avoid depression and the like. Moral Standards versus Non-moral Standards
Do you know the meaning of standards? Have
you been in a situation where you were chosen because you met the standards or you were disregarded because you did not meet the standards? 1) Moral standards deal with matters we think can seriously injure or benefit humans, animals, and the environment, such as child abuse, rape, and murder;
2) Moral standards are not established or
changed by the decisions of authoritative individuals or bodies. Moral standards rest on the adequacy of the reasons that are taken to support and justify them. 3) Moral standards are overriding, that is, they take precedence over other standards and considerations, especially of self-interest;
4) Moral standards are based on impartial
considerations. Hence, moral standards are fair and just; and
5) Moral standards are associated with
special emotions (such as guilt and shame) and vocabulary (such as right, wrong, good, and bad). Non-moral Standards
Non-moral standards refer to standards by which we
judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way.
Examples of non-moral standards are:
standards of etiquette by which we judge manners
as good or bad,
standards of aesthetics by which we judge art as
good or rubbish. Non-moral Standards
Hence, we should not confuse morality with
etiquette, law, and aesthetics or even with religion.
A moral standard says “Do not harm innocent
people” or “Don’t steal”…
A non-moral standard says “Don’t text while
driving” or “Don’t talk while the mouth is full”. Dilemma and Moral Dilemma
Do you have any idea of what a dilemma is? Have
you ever encountered a situation where you need to choose between two alternatives, yet choosing any could lead to a negative consequence on what you did not choose? What did you do? How did you feel?
The term dilemma refers to a situation in which a
tough decision has to be made between two or more options Three Levels of Moral Dilemma
Personal Dilemmas. Personal Dilemmas are those
experienced and resolved on the personal level.
When an individual has to choose between the life of a
child who is about to be delivered and the child’s mother, he faces an ethical dilemma.
Organizational Dilemma. Organizational moral
dilemmas refer to ethical cases encountered and resolves by social organization.
This category includes moral dilemmas in business,
medical fields and public sector. Organizational Dilemma
A medical institution which believes that human life should
not be deliberately encounters a conflict in resolving whether to withdraw life support from a dying patient.
Moral dilemmas in business involve issues about corporate
practices, policies, business behaviors, and the conducts and relationships of individuals in the organizations.
In a public sector, government leaders and employees have a
moral duty to the public by putting public interest first: accountability and transparency. Public Sector dilemmas include whether or not to favour family, friends, or campaign contributors over other constituents; favoring the agenda of one’s political party over a policy one believes to be good for the community. Structural Dilemmas. Structural moral dilemmas refer to cases involving network of institutions as they usually encompass multi-sectoral institutions and organizations.
Case in point is the prices of medicine in the Philippines
which are higher compared to other countries in Asia.
Factors affecting medicine prices include cost of research,
presence of competition in the market, government regulations, and patent protection. Institutions concerned may want to lower the costs of medicine, thereby benefiting the Filipino public, but such a move may ruin the interests of the involved researchers, inventors or discoverers, and pharmaceutical companies which own the patent of the medicines or healthcare technologies. Only human beings can be Ethical
Man: highest form of animal. As Aristotle say
“rational animals”. We are animals added with rationality.
Only human beings are rational,
autonomous, and self-conscious.
The qualities of rationality, autonomy, and
self-consciousness confer full moral status. Any question?