Tirumurai

Tirumurai (Tamil: !"#$%,

meaning Holy Order) is a twelve-
volume compendium of songs or
hymns in praise of Shiva in the
Tamil language from the 6th to the
11th century CE by various poets in
Tamil Nadu. Nambiyandar Nambi
compiled the first seven volumes
:
 by Appar, Sambandar, and
Sundarar as Tevaram during the
12th century. During the course of
time, a strong necessity was felt by
scholars to compile Shaiva
literature to accommodate other
works.[1] Tiruvasakam and
Tirukovayar by Manickavasagar are
included as the eighth, nine parts
are compiled as the ninth Tirumurai
out of which most are unknown,
and the tenth as Tirumandiram by
Tirumular, the famous Siddhar.[1]
The eleventh is compiled by
:
 Karaikal Ammaiyar, Cheraman
Perumal and others. The
contemporary Chola king was
impressed by the work of Nambi
and included Nambi's work in the
eleventh Tirumurai.[1] Sekkilar's
Periya Puranam, composed a
century later, contains the life
depiction of all the 63
Nayanmars.[1] The response for the
work was so tremendous among
Shaiva scholars and Kulothunga
Chola II that it was included as the
12th Tirumurai.[1] Tirumurai along
:
 with Vedas and Shaiva agamas
form the basis of Shaiva Siddantha
philosophy in South India and Sri
Lanka.[2]

The four foremost Nayanars with

Manikkavaasakar - collectively called the
&'()*: (from left) Sambandar, Appar,
Sundarar, Manikkavachakar.

Tirumurai

The twelve volumes of Tamil Śaiva hymns

of the sixty-three Nayanars
Parts Name Author
:
 1,2,3 ThirukadaikkappuSambandar
4,5,6 Thevaram Thirunavukkarasar
7 Thirupaatu Sundarar
Thiruvasakam &
8 Manickavasagar
Thirukkovaiyar
Thiruvisaippa &
9 Various
Tiruppallaandu
10 Thirumandhiram Thirumular
11 Various
12 Periya Puranam Sekkizhar
Paadal Petra Sthalam
Paadal Petra Sthalam
Rajaraja I
:
 Nambiyandar Nambi

Topics in Tamil literature

Sangam Literature
Five Great Epics
Silappatikaram Manimekalai
Civaka Cintamani Valayapathi
Kundalakesi
The Five Minor Epics
Neelakesi Culamani
Udayana
Naga Kumara
Kumara
Kaviyam
Kaviyam
Yashodhara
:
 Kaviyam
Bhakti Literature
Naalayira Divya Kamba
Prabandham Ramayanam
Tevaram Tirumurai
Tamil people
Sangam
Sangam
landscape
Tamil history from Ancient Tamil
Sangam literature music

History and background

The Pallava period in the history of
:
 the Tamil land is a period of
religious revival of Shaivism by the
Shaivite Nayanars who by their
Bhakti hymns captured the hearts
of the people. They made a
tremendous impression on the
people by singing the praise of
Shiva in soul-stirring devotional
hymns.[3] Tirumurai in anthology
supersedes Sangam literature,
which is predominantly secular in
nature.[4] The entire Tirumurai is in
viruttam meter or lines of four. The
principal characteristics of the
:
 head-rhyming is influenced both
by syllabic and moric prosody.[4]

Poets
Tirumurai Hymns Period Author

1,2,3 Tirukadaikkappu 7th century Sambandar[5][6]

CE

4,5,6 Tevaram 7th century Appar[5][6]

CE

7 Tirupattu 8th century Sundarar[5][6]

CE

8 Tiruvasakam 9th century Manikkavacakar

and CE
Tirukkovaiyar

9 Tiruvicaippa 9th century Thirumalikaittever

and Tirupallantu CE Centanar

Karuvurttevar

Nampikatava nampi

Gandaraditya

Venattatikal

Tiruvaliyamutanar

Purutottama nampi
:
 Cetirayar

10 Tirumandiram 8th century Tirumular

CE

11 Prabandham Karaikkal Ammaiyar

Ceraman Perumal Nayanar

Pattinattu Pillaiyar

Nakkiratevar Nayanar

Kapilateva Nayanar

Thiruvalaviyudaiyar

Nampiyantarnampi

IyyadigalkatavarkonNayanar

Kalladateva Nayanar

Paranateva Nayanar

Ellamperuman Adigal

Athiravadigal

12 Periya Puranam 12th century Sekkizhar

CE

Hymns
The Shaiva Tirumurais are twelve in
number. The first seven Tirumurais
:
 are the hymns of the three great
Shaivite saints, Sambandar, Appar
and Sundarar. These hymns were
the best musical compositions of
their age.

The first three Tirumurais (meaning

parts) of Tevaram are composed by
Sambanthar, the next three by
Appar and the seventh one is
composed by Sundarar.[7] Appar
and Sambanthar lived around the
7th century, while Sundarar lived in
the 8th century. During the Pallava
:
 period these three travelled
extensively around Tamil Nadu
offering discourses and songs
characterised by an emotional
devotion to Shiva.[8] Their hymns
include allegations against Jain
monks and criticism of Jainism.[9]

Sambanthar was a 7th-century

child poet-saint who died at the
age of 16 in 655 CE. His verses
were set to tune by
Nilakantaperumalanar who is set to
have accompanied the poet on his
:
 yal or lute. The first three volumes
of Tirumurai contain 383 hymns.[7]
Appar (alias Tirunavukkarasar) was
born in the middle of the 7th
century in Tiruvamur, Tamil Nadu,
and lived about 81 years. He
converted to Jainism as a youth,
became the head of a Jain
monastery over time, but then
returned to Shaivism. Tirumurai
contains 313 hymns of Appar over
volumes 4-7. His hymns are highly
devotional, with some containing
criticism of Jainism as he
:
 experienced it.[7] Sundarar (alias
Sundaramurthi) was born towards
the end of the 7th century.[7] He is
the author of 100 hymns compiled
as the 7th Tirumurai.[7]

Saiva Siddhanta temples celebrate the Nayanars

tradition behind the Tirumurai. Above Nayanars
gallery at the Thiruthalinathar Shiva temple,
Tiruppathur.

Manikkavasagar's Tiruvasakam
and Tirukovayar are compiled as
:
 the eighth Tirumurai and is full of
visionary experience, divine love
and urgent striving for truth.[10]
Manickavasagar was the king's
prime minister and renounced his
post in search of divinity.[10]

The ninth Tirumurai has been

composed by Tirumalikaittever,
Sundarar, Karuvurttevar,
Nambiyaandar Nambi,
Gandaraditya, Venattatikal,
Tiruvaliyamutanar, Purutottama
Nambi and Cetirayar. Among these
:
 the notable is Gandaraditya (950-
957 CE), a Chola king who later
became a Saivite saint.

Tirumandiram by Tirumular unfolds

siddantha (attainment) as a
fourfold path - virtuous and moral
living, temple worship, internal
worship and union with Siva.[10]
Tirumular worked out an original
philosophical system, and the
southern school of Saiva siddantha
draws its authority from
Tirumandiram, a work of 3000
:
 verses.[11] Tirumandiram
represents another school of
thought detailing agamic traditions,
which run parallel to the bhakthi
movement. It does not glorify
temples or deities as in the case of
other Tirumurais.[11]

The eleventh Tirumurai was

composed by Karaikkal Ammaiyar,
Cheraman Perumal, Pattinattu p-
pillaiyar, Nakkiratevar, Kapilateva,
Tiruvalavaiyudaiyar,
Nampiyantarnampi, Iyyadigal
:
 katavarkon, Kalladateva,
Paranateva, Ellamperuman Adigal
and Athirava Adigal. Nambi's
Tirutottanar Tiruvanthathi followed
an exclusive style of mincing Tamil
and Sanskrit verses in anthati
meter similar to Tevaram of the
trio.[12] Karaikkal Ammaiyar (550-
600 CE) is the earliest of the
woman Saivite poets who
introduced the kattalai-k-kali-t-
turai meter, which is a complicated
structural departure from the old
classical Tamil meters.[13] The
:
 other meter used by Ammaiyar was
an old venba and also an antathi
arrangement in which the offset of
one line or stanza is identical with
the onset of the next line or
stanza.[13]

Periya Puranam (Tamil:+,-.

/0'12), the great purana or epic,
sometimes also called
Tiruttontarpuranam (read as "Tiru-
Thondar-Puranam") (the purana of
the holy devotees) is a Tamil poetic
mythistory depicting the legendary
:
 lives of the sixty-three Nayanars,
the canonical poets of Tamil
Shaivism. It was compiled during
the 12th century by Sekkizhar. It
provides evidence of trade with
West Asia.[14] Sekkizhar compiled
and wrote the Periya Puranam
listing the life stories of the sixty-
three Shaiva Nayanars, poets of the
God Shiva who composed the
liturgical poems of the Tirumurai,
and was later himself canonised
and the work became part of the
sacred canon.[15] Sekkizhar was a
:
 poet and the chief minister in the
court of the Chola King, Kulothunga
Chola II.[16]

Compilation
Raja Raja Chola I (985-1013 CE)
embarked on a mission to recover
the hymns after hearing short
excerpts of Tevaram in his court.[17]
He sought the help of Nambi Andar
Nambi, who was a priest in a
temple.[18] It is believed that by
divine intervention Nambi found
:
 the presence of scripts, in the form
of cadijam leaves half eaten by
white ants in a chamber inside the
second precinct in Thillai Nataraja
Temple, Chidambaram.[17][18] The
brahmanas (Dikshitars) in the
temple informed the king about the
tradition that only when all three
poets come together, that the
chamber can be opened, and
Rajaraja found a worakaround by
consecrating the images of the
saint-poets through the streets of
Chidambaram.[17][19] Rajaraja thus
:
 became known as Tirumurai Kanda
Cholan meaning one who
(re)discovered the Tirumurai.[19]
Thus far Shiva temples only had
images of god forms, but after the
advent of Rajaraja, the images of
the Nayanar saints were also
placed inside the temple.[19] Nambi
arranged the hymns of three saint
poets Sampantar, Appar and
Sundarar as the first seven books,
Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and
Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, the
28 hymns of nine other saints as
:
 the 9th book, the Tirumandiram of
Tirumular as the 10th book, 40
hymns by 12 other poets as the
10th book, Tirutotanar
Tiruvanthathi - the sacred anthathi
of the labours of the 63 Nayanar
saints, and added his own hymns
as the 11th book.[20] The first seven
books were later called Tevaram,
and the whole Saiva canon, to
which was added, as the 12th book,
Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135
CE) is wholly known as Tirumurai,
the holy book. Thus Saiva literature
:
 which covers about 600 years of
religious, philosophical and literary
development.[20]

Temples revered
Paadal Petra Sthalams are 275[21]
temples that are revered in the
verses of Tevaram and are amongst
the greatest Shiva temples of the
continent. Vaippu Sthalangal are
places that were mentioned
casually in the songs in
Tevaram.[22] The focus of the
:
 moovars ' (first three poets) hymns
suggests darshan (seeing and
being seen by God) within the puja
(worship) offering.[23] The
hymnists made classificatory lists
of places like katu (for forest), turai
(port or refuge), kulam (water tank)
and kalam (field) being used - thus
both structured and unstructured
places in the religious context find
a mention in Tevaram.[23] The
temples mentioned in the works of
the 9th Tirumarai, Thiruvisaippa,
are in turn referred to as Tiruvisaipa
:
 Thalangal. The shrine of
Gangaikonda Cholapuram are
revered as under
" He of the Shrine of Gangaikonda
Choleswaram takes whatever
forms that his worship visualize" -
131,5.[24]

In culture
Tirumurai was one of the reasons
for converting Vedic ritual to
Agamic puja followed in Shiva
temples.[25] Though these two
:
 systems are overlapping, Agamic
tradition ensures the perpetuation
of the Vedic religion's emphasis on
the efficacy of ritual as per
Davis.[25] Odhuvars, Sthanikars, or
Kattalaiyars offer musical
programmes in Shiva temples of
Tamil Nadu by singing Tevaram
after the daily rituals.[26] These are
usually carried out as a chorus
programme soon after the divine
offering. There are records from
Kulothunga Chola III from
Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot
:
 indicating singing of Tiruvempavai
and Tiruvalam of Manickavasagar
during special occasions in the
temple.[19] From the 13th century,
the texts were passed on to the
Odhuvars by the Adheenams or
mathas and there was no more
control by the kings or the
brahmanas.[27] The Odhuvars were
from the vellala community and
were trained in ritual singing in
Tevaram schools.[27]

Periya Puranam, the eleventh-

:
 century Tamil book on the
Nayanars that forms the last
volume of the Tirumurai, primarily
had references only to Tevaram and
subsequently expanded to 12 parts
and is one of the first anthologies
of Tirumurai.[28] One of the first
anthologies of moovars ' hymns
called the Tevara Arulmuraitirattu is
linked to Tamil Saiva siddhantha
philosophy by grouping ninety-nine
verses into 10 categories.[28] The
category headings are God, soul,
bond, grace, guru, methodology,
:
 enlightenment, bliss, mantra and
liberation - corresponding to
Umapthi's work,
Tiruvarutpayan.[29] Tirumurai
kanda puranam is another
anthology for Tirumurai as a whole,
but primarily focuses on Tevaram. It
is the first of the works to refer the
collection of volumes as
Tirumurai.[29]

Notes
1. Das 2005, p. 86
2. Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 551
:
 3. Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 541
4. Shackle 1994, pp. 118-119
5. Cutler 1987, p. 4
6. Zvelebil 1974, p. 92
7. Zvelebil 1974, pp. 95-96
8. N. Subramaniam (1975). Social
and Cultural History of Tamilnad
(to AD 1336). Ennes Publication
Udumalpet 642 128. p. 277.
9. Peterson 1989, pp. 19–27, 276–
287.
10. Subramuniyaswami 2003, p.
494
11. Das 2005, pp. 148-149
12. Prentiss 1992, p. 111
:
 12. Prentiss 1992, p. 111
13. Zvelebil 1974, p. 97
14. Glimpses of life in 12th century
South India (https://books.google
.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&
dq=book+kader+mohideen&pg=
PA6)
15. A Dictionary of Indian Literature
By Sujit Mukherjee.
16. Criminal Gods and Demon
Devotees By Alf Hiltebeitel.
17. Culter 1987, p. 50
18. Cort 1998, p. 178
19. Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110
20. Zvelebil 1974, p. 191
:
 21. "A comprehensive description of
the 275 Shivastalams glorified by
the Tevaram hymns" (http://www.
templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlis
t.html) . templenet.com.
Retrieved 11 January 2011.
22. International review for the
history of religions, Volumes 15-
17. International Association for
the History of Religions,
CatchWord (Online service)
23. Prentiss 1992, pp. 51-52
24. Coward 1987, p. 151
25. Cort 1998, p. 176
26. Ghose 1996, p. 239
:
 27. Khanna 2007, p. xxii
28. Prentiss 1992, p. 140
29. Prentiss 1992, p. 144

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 Coward, Harold G., ed. (1987).
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 10 January 2007.
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 Das, Sisir Kumar; Sāhitya Akādemī
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Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol II. (of
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Knight (2001). Balasaraswati: her art
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:
 Further reading
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar.
"Campantar Tevaram -1 part 1,
patikams 1-66" (http://projectmadur
ai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0150.pdf)
(PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar.
"Campantar Tevaram -1 part 2,
patikams 67-136" (http://projectma
durai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0151.pdf
) (PDF). projectmadurai.org.
Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar.
"Campantar Tevaram -2 part 1,
:
 "Campantar Tevaram -2 part 1,
patikams 1-60" (http://projectmadur
ai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0157.pdf)
(PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar.
"Campantar Tevaram -2 part 2,
patikams 61-122" (http://projectmad
urai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0162.pdf
) (PDF). projectmadurai.org.
Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar.
"Campantar Tevaram -3 part 1,
patikams 1-66" (http://projectmadur
ai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf)
(PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
:
 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Thirugnana Sambandar.
"Campantar Tevaram -3 part 2,
patikams 67-125 & later additions" (
http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/
pdf/pm0179.pdf) (PDF).
projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
"Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
Cuvamikal Tirumurai 4 part - 1
Poems(1-487)" (http://projectmadur
ai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pdf)
(PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
"Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
:
 "Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
Cuvamikal Tirumurai 4 part - 2
Poems(488-1070)" (http://projectm
adurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.p
df) (PDF). projectmadurai.org.
Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
"Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 1
Poems(1-509)" (http://projectmadur
ai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0186.pdf)
(PDF). /projectmadurai.org.
Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
"Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2
Poems(510-1016)" (http://projectma
:
 Poems(510-1016)" (http://projectma
durai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0173.pd
f) (PDF). /projectmadurai.org.
Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
"Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
Cuvamikal Tirumurai 6 part - 1
Poems(1-508)" (http://projectmadur
ai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf)
(PDF). projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
"Tevaram of Tirunavukkaracu
Cuvamikal Tirumurai 6 part - 2
Poems(509-981)" (http://projectma
durai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0196.pd
:
 f) (PDF). projectmadurai.org.
Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Sundaramurthi. "Tevaram
of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal
Tirumurai 7, part 1 Poems (1-517)" (h
ttp://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/p
df/pm0207.pdf) (PDF).
projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
Swamigal, Sundaramurthi. "Tevaram
of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal
Tirumurai 7, part 2 Poems (518-
1026)" (http://projectmadurai.org/p
m_etexts/pdf/pm0211.pdf) (PDF).
projectmadurai.org. Retrieved
5 October 2014.
:
 Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Tirumurai&oldid=1166273092"

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