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EXERCISE 6.1
I. Translate the following statements into symbolic form using capital letters to represent
affirmative English statements:

1. California does not allow smoking in restaurants.

use convenient upper-case letter to symbolize the statement. symbolize the subject of
statement

C does not

tilde always comes first

~C

2. Florida has a major theme park but Maine does not.

F but not M

F • ~M

3. Either AMC or Loews gives student discounts.

either, or is disjunctive…use the wedge

AvL

4. Both FedEx and UPS deliver overnight.

both, and is conjunctive…use dot

F•U

5. If Nintendo produces an alien game, then so does Sega.

conditional

If N, then S

N ⊃S

6. Nintendo produces an alien game if Sega does.

read carefully and then you’ll see that Ant & Conseq are reversed.

S ⊃N
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7. Brad Pitt will be a father if and only if Jennifer Aniston has a baby.

B if and only if J

B≡J

8. Matt Damon comes to the party only if Ben Affleck comes.

when you see “only if,” that’s where you insert the horseshoe

M⊃ B

9. Jennifer Lopez becomes a superstar given that I’m Real goes platinum.

given that translates to a conditional. but you have to reverse the conseq and ant.
read it as if I’m Real goes platinum, then…

I⊃ J

10. The Colts' winning the Superbowl implies that Peyton Manning is a great
quarterback.

SAME, read it as if the Colts win the Superbowl, then Peyton Manning…

C⊃ P

11. Mary-Kate Olsen does not appear in a movie unless Ashley does.

translate unless with disjunctive

chapter 4-- “unless” is equal in meaning to “if not.”
in propositional logic, it’s simpler to just equate “unless” with “or.”
Ashley is a necessary condition for Mary-Kate attending.

~M v A ::

Or if not A, then not M

M ⊃ A material implication

~A ⊃ ~M transposition

12. Alabama restricts abortion rights only if Georgia and Mississippi do.

got three propositions here; will need parenthesis.

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remember this rule pg. 291: statement that follows if is always the antecedent, but the
statement that follows “only if” is always the consequent. is expresses a necessary
condition and thus goes in the antecedent position

ex: You will catch a fish only if your hook is baited. It does not mean: If your hook is
baited then you will catch a fish. If it meant this, then everyone with a baited hook would
catch a fish. This is not true.

It means: If your hook is not baited, then you will not catch a fish.
:: If you catch a fish, then your hook was baited.

A ⊃ B :: ~B ⊃ ~A

If X is a dog, then X is an animal.

If X is not an non-human animals, then X is not a dog.

the first says that being a dog is a sufficient condition for being an animal.
the second says being an animal is a necessary condition for being a dog

13. The President supports campaign reform and either the House adopts universal
health care or the Senate approves missile defense.

P and either H or S

P • (H v S) mo is a dot

14. Either the President supports campaign reform and the House adopts universal
health care or the Senate approves missile defense.

Either P and H or S

main operator is wedge (P • H) v S

15. Not both Hertz and Avis rent limousines.

Means one or the other, but not both

not both is going to mean a ~ before a parenthesis: ~(H • A) :: ~H v ~A

not both of them rent limos. one or the other does

16. Both Hertz and Avis do not rent limousines.

Neither of them do.

Both H and A do not

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~H • ~A :: ~(H v A)
both of them do not rent limos

17. Either Motrin or Contac cures headaches.

Either M or C

MvC

18. Not either Mylanta or Pepcid cures headaches.

Not either M or C

~(M v P). neither one of them cures headaches

19. Neither Mylanta nor Pepcid cures headaches.

Neither M nor O

~(M v P) says the same as the above.

20. Allstate raises premiums unless Farmers and Geico do not declare a loss.

A unless F and G do not

A v (~F • ~G)

21. If Canada subsidizes exports, then if Mexico opens new factories, then the United
States raises tariffs.

see the comma, suggests placement of parenthesis.

If C, then if M, then U.

C ⊃ (M ⊃ U)

22. If Canada's subsidizing exports implies that Mexico opens new factories, then the
United States raises tariffs.

first put it in symbols and the worry about the parenthesis C ⊃ M ⊃ U.

the comma is a guide to where the parentheses goes as well as the fact that U is alone
after then.

(If C implies M) then U. (C ⊃ M) ⊃ U

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23. DMX abandons explicit lyrics if and only if neither Columbia nor BMG stops
advertising.

D if and only if neither C nor B

D ≡ ~(C v B)

24. If Iraq launches bioterrorist attacks, then either Peter Jennings or Tom Brokaw will
report them.

If I, then P v T

I ⊃ (P v T)

25. Either Oregon does not allow same-sex marriages or if Nevada legalizes prostitution
then so does Arizona.

either suggests one big disjunction. mo is disjunction.

Either ~O or If N then A

~O v (N ⊃ A)

26. If either Eminem or Dr. Dre attend the charity concert, then neither Britney Spears
nor Christina Aguilera will attend.

If E or D, then neither B nor C

(E v D) ⊃ ~(B v C)

27. If the New York Times and the Washington Post suppress free speech, then either
CNN or MSNBC will get higher ratings.

If N and W, then either C or M.

(N • W) ⊃ (C v M)

28. Colin Powell or Donald Rumsfeld takes action given that both Saudi Arabia and
Egypt do not suppress terror networks.

given that is a conditional, but you reverse ant and conseq.

so, If both S and E do not, then C or D

(~S • ~E) ⊃ (C v D)
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not ~(S • E) because it says both do not, not one or the other

29. Jennifer Capriatti wins tournaments, and Barry Bonds hits homers or Marshall Faulk
runs touchdowns.

J, and B or M

comma clues where the parentheses goes. dot is MO

J • (B v M)

30. Jennifer Capriatti wins tournaments and Barry Bonds hits homers, or Marshall Faulk
runs touchdowns.

J and B, or M
again comma gives clue

(J • B) v M

31. Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods watch Sunday football unless Charles Barkley and
Arnold Palmer do not.

M and T or not C and not A

(M • T) v (~C • ~A)

32. Tom Cruise goes to the premiere provided that Penelope Cruz does, but Nicole
Kidman does not.

provided that reverse Ant and Conseq

If P then T and not D

(P ⊃ T) • ~N

possibly (P • ~N) ⊃ T. but this is slightly different, careful read shows that ~N is not a
condition for T going
33. Either Whitney Houston or Mariah Carey wear black to the Grammys but it is not
the case that both do.

W or N but not the case that both W and M

(W v N) • ~(W • M)

34. Microsoft does not acknowledge a monopoly; however, if Intel lays off workers,
then either Dell or Apple will have job applicants.
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semicolon is indicator for brackets. however is translated with •

not M and If I then either D or A

~M • [I ⊃ (D v A)]

dot is MO

35. It is not the case that both Budweiser changes its formula and Miller or Heineken
closes a brewery.

It is not the case that both B and M or H

It is not the case in front of all suggests that is the MO.

~ [B • (M v H)]

36. It is not the case that either Delta Zeta serves alcohol or the Glee Club and Honor
Society serve soft drinks.

same as above

It is not the case that either D or G and H.

the second MO is indicated by the either, or

~[ D v (G • H)]

37. If Spike Lee writes a movie, then if Denzel Washington stars in it, then Paramount
and MGM will compete for it.

If S, then if D, then P and M.

S ⊃ [D ⊃ (P • M)]

38. If HBO films a special, then if Showtime expands viewership, then Bravo's
launching an ad campaign implies that Encore features oldies.

If H, then if S, then B implies that E.

implies that replaces directly with ⊃

H ⊃ [S ⊃ (B ⊃ E)]
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39. It is not the case that either Bart and Lisa do their chores or Lenny and Karl blow
up the power plant.

It is not the case that either B and L or L and K

either or suggests the second MO

~[ (B • L) v (L • K) ]

40. It is not the case that both McDonald's or Burger King closes early and Taco Bell
or KFC closes late.

It is not the case that both M or B and T or K

again, both and suggests second MO

~[ (M v B) • (T v K) ]

41. Bobby Brown’s having an affair is a sufficient condition for Whitney Houston’s
divorcing him.

S⊃ N or SUN

B sufficient condition for W

B ⊃W

42. Bobby Brown’s having an affair is a necessary condition for Whitney Houston’s
divorcing him

B necessary condition W

W ⊃B

43. Bobby Brown’s having an affair is a necessary and sufficient condition for Whitney
Houston’s divorcing him

B necessary and sufficient W

B≡W or (B ⊃ W) • (W ⊃ B)
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44. N’Sync's winning a Grammy is a sufficient condition for the Backstreet Boys to be
jealous, only if Destiny’s Child’s getting booed is a necessary condition for TLC’s
being asked to sing the anthem.

N sufficient condition B only if D necessary condition T.

(N ⊃ B) ⊃ (T ⊃ D)

45. Nike and Adidas give out free shoes if and only if Reebok or Converse lowers
prices.

N and A if and only if R or C

(N • A) ≡ (R v C)

46. It is not the case that both Cosmo's changing its cover implies that Glamour does
and Time's increasing circulation implies that News-week does.

this one you can really see how writing it out helps

It is not the case that both C implies that G and T implies N

~[(C ⊃ G) • (T ⊃ N)]

47. Domino's delivers for free if Pizza Hut adds new toppings, provided that Round
Table airs more commercials.

provided that=reverse ant and conseq

D if P provided that R R ⊃ (P ⊃ D)

48. Verizon's offering free long distance implies that AT&T does, given that
Qualcomm's inventing new circuits implies that neither Nokia nor Ericsson sells
inferior phones.

implies that replace with HS, given that switch ant and conseq

V implies that A, given that Q implies that neither N nor E

[Q ⊃ ~(N v E)] ⊃ (V ⊃ E)

49. If the Gap's advertising a sale and Abercrombie's selling more clothes are sufficient
and necessary conditions for Old Navy's cutting costs, then neither Nordstrom nor
Saks attracts new customers.

If G and A nec and suff cond O, then neither N nor S

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[(G • A) ≡ O] ⊃ ~(N v S)

50. Kathie Lee’s retiring is a necessary condition for Regis getting a new co-host;
moreover, Jay Leno’s buying a motorcycle and David Lettermen’s telling more jokes
imply that NBC’s airing more talk shows is a sufficient condition for CBS’s changing
its image.

K is an nec condition for R; moreover J and D imply that N is a suff condition for C

(R ⊃ K) • [(J • D) ⊃ (N ⊃ C)]