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OPERATING SYSTEMS
MONOPOST ,

Concept of operating system.

Elements and structure of the operating system.

Felipe García Sánchez

IES Ribera del Tajo High School
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Part 1. Concept of operating system. (1.25 points)

1. Complete the following table on the evolution of operating systems: Evolution of
operating systems.

Generation Technical component that characterizes it Advances in relation to operating systems

Generation 0 -Working in machine language
-Instructions are coded by hand.
Generation 1 -The lack of operating systems as we know
them continues.
Generation 2 -The introduction of the transistor.
Generation 3 -Appearance of integrated circuits.
Generation 4
-Creation of the microprocessor.
-First computer with screen included.
-Use of semiconductors for memory.
Generation 5 -Disruption of computer networks.
-Tablets and smartphones appear.
-Absence of the operating system.
-With the construction of UNIVAC, the EXEC I
operating system appears.
-Use of punch cards.
-Batch processing.
-Operating system based on EXEC II.
Single-user operating systems.
-Increased dissemination of multiprogramming.
-Spooling techniques appear.
-Job control languages emerge
Real-time systems.
UNIX appears, developed in C, a multi-user and
multi-tasking operating system.
-Another operating system, CP/M, appears.
-Operating systems type MS-DOS AND PC-DOS
-Appearance of the different versions of Windows.
-Google OS.
-Android.
-The new operating systems are aimed at parallel
processing and artificial intelligence.

2. Make an outline of the classification of operating systems. (0.5 points)

- Internal structure
- Monolithic: all functions are implemented in the Kernel.
- Layers: hierarchical structure that is divided into different levels.
- Virtual machine: is a file that is an exact copy of the real hardware that manages the
operating system itself.
- For services offered
- According to the number of users
▪ S ingle-user: all resources are available to a single user.
▪ Multi-user: multiple users can use the resources.
- According to the number of processes or tasks
▪ S ingle-tasking: system resources allow only one task at a time.
▪ Multitasking: you can run multiple processes simultaneously.
▪ Monoprocessor: a single processor to serve users.
Multiprocessor: multiple processors in a single system.
- By the modes of operation

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- Batch: programs are grouped in batches and sent to the system, which processes them
sequentially.
- Multiprogramming: the operating system is in charge of distributing among the existing
processors.
▪ Time-sharing systems: use CPU scheduling techniques so that they attend all
processes waiting to be executed.
▪ Real-time systems: results are correct at the time they are running.
▪ Hybrid: combine the advantages of real-time and shared systems.
- The way services are offered:
- Centralized systems: mainframe computers handle all processing and users operate
terminals that have no memory or processor.
- Network systems: are those systems that keep two or more computers linked through
some means of communication.
- Distributed systems: allows jobs to be distributed among a set of processors.

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Part 2. Operating system functions.

(3.25 points)
3. Define operating system: what it is, what functions it has, its purpose, what types there
are according to its use, its tasks, ..., mention operating systems that you know and for
which users they are indicated... (0.5 points)
- An operating system is a set of programs, services and functions that manage and
coordinate the operation of hardware and software, and also acts as an intermediary
between the user and the computer hardware, managing system resources and
optimizing their use.
- Its functions are:
▪ Processor management.
▪ Memory management.
▪ Management of input and output devices or peripheral administration.
▪ File system administration.
▪ Detection and treatment of errors or error control.
▪ Sa fety and security of the system or safety control.
▪ Network control.
- The purpose:
▪ Manage hardware effectively and efficiently: control and coordinate the use of
hardware by different programs.
▪ Facilitate the use of the computer to the user: facilitates communication between
the person and the machine and makes it more natural and intelligible.
- The types of operating systems according to their use:
▪ S.O. for PC or desktop computers are very varied, the most used are WINDOWS,
MAC and LINUX.
▪ S.O. for mobiles and tablets are ANDROID and IOS.
- Operating Systems:
▪ Microsoft Windows: One of the most popular in existence, it was initially a set of
graphical operating environments or distributions, whose role was to provide older
operating systems such as MS-DOS with a visual representation of support and other
software tools. It was first published in 1985 and has since been updated to new
versions.
MS-DOS: This is Microsoft's Disk Operating System. Microsoft ( Microsoft Disk Operating
System), one of the most common operating systems for IBM personal computers
during the 1980s and mid-1990s. It had a series of internal and external commands
displayed sequentially on a dark screen.
▪ UNIX: This operating system was developed in 1969 to be portable, multitasking and
multiuser. It is really a whole family of similar OS, some of whose distributions have
been offered commercially and others in free format, always based on the kernel
called Linux.
MacOS: It is the operating system for Apple's Macintosh computers, also known as OSX or
Mac OSX. Based on Unix and developed and sold on Apple computers since 2002, it is
the fiercest competitor of the popular Windows.
▪ Ubuntu: This operating system is free and open source, that is, everyone can modify it
without violating copyrights. It takes its name from a certain philosophy South African
philosophy, focused on loyalty and loyalty to his own species above all else. Based on
GNU/Linux, Ubuntu is oriented towards ease of use and freedom of movement.

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freedom freedom. The company British company that distributes it, Canonical,
subsists by providing technical service.
▪ A ndroid: This Linux kernel-based operating system operates on cell phones and tablets
and other devices equipped with touch screens. It was developed by Android Inc. and
subsequently bought by Google, making it so popular that Android computer system
sales exceed those of IOS (for Macintosh cell phones) and Windows Phone (for
Microsoft cell phones).

4. Calculate the memory fragmentation if we have seven 1MB memory partitions and the task
queue contains tasks with requirements of 300KB, 1800KB, 1000KB, 900KB, 600Kb, 700KB and
200KB. We know that 1 MB = 1024 KB (1 point)
- 1st PARTITION: 1024KB-300KB= 724KB of fragmentation.
- 2nd PARTITION: 1024-1800KB= This task would not fit because it is larger than the
partition.
- 3rd PARTITION: 1024-1000KB= 0KB partition.
- 4ª PARTITION: 1024-900KB= 124KB ofpartition.
- 5ª PARTITION: 1024-600KB= 424KB ofpartition.
- 6ª PARTITION: 1024-700KB= 324KB ofpartition.
- 7ª PARTITION: 1024-200KB= 824KB ofpartition.

5. Explain the difference between internal fragmentation and external fragmentation. (0.75
points)
- Internal fragmentation: it is the memory that is inside a partition and is not being used,
but this partition is assigned to a process.
- External fragmentation: memory that cannot be allocated due to insufficient capacity to
create a new partition, these areas cannot be assigned to any process and cannot be
used.
6. A system has a physical memory of 64 Kb divided into page frames of size 4 Kb. A program has
code of size 32768 bytes, data of 16386 bytes and stack of 15870 bytes. Will it be possible to
load this program into memory?
What if the page size was 512 bytes? (1 point)
64KB:4= 16 frames
32768:4096= 8 marks
16386:4096= 4,004~5marks
15870:4096= 3.8745~4marks
8+5+4= 17 frames; IMPOSSIBLE to load this program. 16<17

64KB= 65536 bytes

65536 bytes:512 bytes= 128 frames
32768 bytes:512 bytes= 64 frames
16386 bytes:512 bytes~ 33 frames
15870 bytes:512 bytes~ 31 frames
64+33+31= 128 frames: YES IT IS POSSIBLE to load this program.

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Part 3. Use of the operating system. (0.5 points)

7. Compare the interface of an operating system from more than 10 years ago (e.g., Windows 95)
with that of a current one (e.g., Windows 10). What are the differences
more important to the naked eye? (0.5 points) Windows 95 marked a before and after in
Microsoft's operating system with the
introduction of the start menu and taskbar
that, along with other iconic elements, have
accompanied personal computer users for the
past 25 years. Nowadays, when we see a classic
interface design, like the one that Windows 95
inaugurated, it seems completely from another
era and far from the current canons.
At first glance there are several visual
differences with the current Windows 10,
although Windows 10 has returned to a design
very similar to Windows 95, after its passage through Windows 8.
- The start button is perhaps the most iconic element of Windows 95. A rectangular gray button,
with the Windows icon (the four colored windows) and the word 'start' has now become a square
button with a dark background and the more stylized, single-colored Windows icon in the center.
- Clicking on it opens a menu offering access to applications, configuration options and files. It is
also another of the characteristic elements introduced by the user interface of Windows 95, and
that in its evolution passes from the gray background and the pixelated icons to a wider design,
with more options and that leaves more free space on the desktop.
- The design of the icons has changed between these versions and also those of the applications,
showing the differences in the windows in different versions of Windows and their management
on the screen up to multitasking.
- In the Windows 95 interface there were underlined button letters implying that this function
could be invoked by a keyboard shortcut.
- Buttons had a clearly differentiated appearance from non-button parts, with lines highlighting
the contrast between them and other parts of the interface.
- For resizing, window borders clearly counted as enlarging or reducing the window was an
option, something that has been lost.
- The scroll bar was always visible and clearly counted where we were in terms of content
position.
- Windows 10 has moved to a flat design or
"flat design", it is a minimalist design and it is a
phenomenon that has affected all platforms. I
guess this trend has been driven by new
technologies such as tablets or smartphones.
In my opinion, I believe that design now takes
precedence over functionality.

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Part 4. Operating system processes.

(3.75 points)
8. Draw a picture/sketch of the states a process goes through. Explaining what each state means
and explaining the evolution of these processes according to the states through which it passes.
(0.75 points)
Event occurs

Process statuses
New: When the process is being created.
Execution: Instructions are being executed.
Blocked: This is when the process is waiting for the event to occur.
Ready: This is when the process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.
Finished: It is when the process has finished its execution.
Process transitions
New ready: When a process is created and allowed to compete for CPU.
Ready in execution: The allocation of the CPU to the first process in the ready list is called
dispatching and is executed by the system entity called dispatcher. As long as the process
has the CPU it is said to be running.
In execution ready: The O.S., when the time interval assigned to a process to be in
execution expires, makes this process that was in execution status pass to ready status
and immediately the dispatcher makes the first process in the list pass to execution
status.
Running blocked: If a process that is in the running state starts an I/O operation before its
time is up, the process voluntarily leaves the CPU, i.e. the process blocks itself.
Block ready: This transition occurs when the process has finished executing, and goes to a
finished state.

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9. The most commonly used planning criteria are turnaround time, lead time, throughput and
efficiency. Explain these concepts in a simple manner. (0.5 points)
- Return time: The time interval that elapses from when a process is created until it is
completed by the system.
It is the sum of actual execution time and time consumed waiting for resources.
- Timeout: The time the process waits until the processor is granted.
- Throughput: A measure of the number of processes completed per unit of time.
- Efficiency: The percentage of time the processor is busy.

10.There are 3 processes P1, P2, and P3 with execution times 85, 45 and 118. If the SJF algorithm is
used, determine the order in which they are found in the list of preparations. Calculate your
return and waiting times. (0.5 points)
If the SJF algorithm acts, the order will be from the shortest to the longest task;
1ST P2
2ND P1
3RD P3
Return times R=E+U
P2; 0+45= 45
P1; 45+85= 130
P3; 130+118= 248
Waiting times E
P2; 0
P1; 45
P3; 130

11.Let there be two processes, P1 with execution time of 20 and P2 with execution time of 15.
According to the wheel algorithm with quantum 10. Mark the return time, response time and
waiting time. (0.5 points)
P1 P2 P1 P2

0 10 20 30 35
- Waiting time (E)
P1: 0+10= 10
P2: 10+10= 20
- Return time (R=E+U)
P1: 10+20= 30
P2: 20+15= 35
- Response time (time to first instruction)
P1: 0
P2: 10

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12. Let be the following load description; assume the order of arrival indicated.
Job CPU time=U Priority
1 4 3
2 2 2
3 3 2
4 2 1
Represent by Gantt chart the CPU access when applying FCFS (First Come First Server), RR
(Robin Round) (q = 1), SFJ (Shortest Job First) and by priority. In each case, calculate the return
and waiting time for each job. Make a summary table with the different results and indicate the
best overall result (1.5 points).
FCFS
P1 P2 P3 P4

0 4 6 9 11
- Timeout : P1: 0
P2: 4
19
P3: 6
P4: 9
- Return time:
P1: 0+4= 4
P2: 4+2= 6
30
P3: 6+3= 9
P4: 9+2= 11
RR
P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P3 P1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
- Waiting time:
P1: 0+3+3+1= 7
P2: 1+3= 4
23
P3: 2+3+2= 7
P4: 3+3= 6
- Return time:
P1: 7+4= 11
P2: 4+2= 6 35
P3: 7+3= 10
P4: 6+2= 8

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SFJ
P2 P4 P3 P1

0 2 4 7 11
- Timeout: P2: 0
P4: 2
13
P3: 4
P1: 7
- Return time :

P4: 2+2= 4
P3: 4+3= 7
P2: 0+2= 2
P1: 7+4= 11
24
PRIORITY
P4 P2 P3 P1

0 2 4 7 11
- Waiting time:
P4: 0
P2: 2 13
P3: 4
P1: 7
- Return time:
P4: 0+2= 2
P2: 2+2= 4 24
P3: 4+3= 7
P1: 7+4= 11

The best performers in this case are the SFJ algorithm and the priority algorithm.

T. WAIT 19 23 13 13
T. RETURN 30 35 24 24
FCFS RR SFJ PRIORITY

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Part 5. Current operating systems.

(0.5 points)
13. Make a list of the latest operating systems and their versions, Macintosh, Windows and Linux systems.
Find out more about them and explain what improvements they bring over their predecessors. (0.5
points) MACINTOSH
- Mac Ox Server 1.0 "Hera".
▪ Date of release March 16, 1999.
▪ Continuation of Rhapsody.

- Public Beta "Kodiak

▪ Release date September 13, ▪ Release date 2000.
September 13, ▪ Release date September 13, ▪
Release date
▪ First public version.
▪ Introduced the Aqua interface.
▪ In the interface are the fonts, the Dock and menu bar.
the.
- Version 10.0 "Cheetah".
▪ Launch date 24 March 2001.
▪ The initial version was slow and had few applications, but it was important to release it as a base from which
to develop.
- Version 10.1 "Puma".
▪ Launch date September 25, 2001
▪ Increased system performance.
▪ Incorporates features such as DVD playback.

- Version 10.2 "Jaguar".

Release date August 24, 2002.
Improved performance.
More elegant appearance.
Quartz Extreme contact information.
iChat instant messaging.

- Version 10.3 "Panther".

▪ Release date October 24, 2003.
▪ Improves performance.
▪ Major upgrade in user interface.

- Version 10.4 "Tiger".

Release date April 29, 2005.
It has a parallel version for Intel Macs.
Improved applications.
Spotlight search system.
Set of Dashboard mini-applications.
iChat.
Quick time 7.

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▪ Sa fari.
- Version 10.5 "Leopard".
▪ Release date October 26, 2007.
▪ Introduced more than 300 new functions.
▪ S upports both PowerPC and Intel processors.
▪ New look.
▪ A pplication update.
- Version 10.6 "Snow Leopard".
▪ Release date August 28, 2009.
▪ Change of appearance.
▪ Increased performance, efficiency and stability.

- Version 10.7 "Lion".

▪ Release date July 20, 2011.
▪ iOS Launchpad-style application management.
Integration of various Mission Control applications.
▪ Full-screen application window.
- Version 10.8 "Mountain Lion".
Release date July 25, 2011.
It includes many native iOS applications.
Includes notification center.
Empower your use of the cloud with iCloud and iWork.

- Version 10.9 "Mavericks".

▪ Release date October 22, 2013.
▪ Integrates iOS applications.
▪ You can use an HDTV as a second monitor.

- Version 10.10 "Yosemite".

▪ Release date October 16, 2014.
▪ It features a redesigned interface.
▪ Improvements to Finder, Safari, Mail, Notification
Center, etc.

- Version 10.11 "El Capitan".

▪ Release date September 30, 2015."
▪ Maintains the Yosemite interface.
▪ Improve user experience and operating system performance with
the introduction of "Metal for Mac".
▪ A pplications run faster.
▪ Possibility of splitting the screen to be able to use two
applications at the same time Split View.
▪ Works with more natural language and can display more data.

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- Version 10.12 "Sierra".
Release date September 20, 2016.
The operating system was renamed from Os X to MacOS.
Continuity enhancement.
Possibility to free up space with iCloud.
Incursion of Apple Pay, for web payments.
- Version 10.3 "High Sierra".
▪ Release date September 25, 2017.
▪ Improves system performance.
▪ New API version (Metal 2).

- Version 10.14 "Mojave".

Release date September 24, 2018.
New dark mode.
Redesign of the Mac App Store.
New wallpapers.
New applications.
- Version 10.15 "Catalina".
▪ Release date October 7, 2019.
▪ It is the first version to support only 64-bit applications.

- Version 11 "Big Sur".

Release date November 12, 2020.
It is designed to take advantage of Apple-designed ARM processors in
future Macs.

WINDOWS
- Windows 1.00
▪ Date of release November 20, 1985.
▪ First version.
▪ Microsoft's first attempt to implement a crowdsourced operating
environment with graphical user interface on the PC platform.
MICROSOFT
crosoft Corporation, 1985. All Rights Reserved.

reqistered tradenark of Microsoft Corp.

- Windows 2.00
▪ Date of release December 9, 1987.
▪ New graphic applications with Excel and Word.
▪ There were other Windows 286 and 386 versions.
MICROSOFT

- Windows 3.0

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▪ Date of release22 May 1990.
▪ Improved user interface.
▪ Includes technical improvements to make better use of memory management.
▪ Text programs can be run in a window.

- Windows 3.1X
Release date between 1992-93.
Compatibility with the True Type font system.
More advanced memory management.
A program and file manager is added.
Expanded support for multitasking and group networking.
- Windows 95
▪ Date of release August 24, 1995.
▪ 16-bit and 32-bit hybrid.
▪ Incorporates the FAT 32 file system.
▪ First hint of USB.
▪ Its interface ran on MS-DOS, but it had an integrated installation that made it look
like a single operating system.
▪ Enter a subsystem in protected mode.

- Windows NT 4.0 "Cairo".

▪ Release date 1996
▪ 32-bit system for workstations and servers.
▪ Greater stability than Windows 95.

- Windows 98 "Memphis
Launch date June 25, 1998.
Improved support for FAT 32.
Enhanced support for AGP and USB.
FireWire and ACPI support.
The second edition adds Internet Explorer 5.
Shared internet connection is included.

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- Windows 2000
▪ Date of release February 17, 2000.
▪ O perating system for enterprises and for running network or file
servers.
▪ NTFS file system.
▪ Improvements in COM component systems.

- Windows ME
Launch date September 14, 2000.
System restoration is included.
Protection of system files.
New TCP/IP options.
Plug&Play support.
Windows image acquisition.
Automatic updates.
Compressed folders.
A new graphical Help and support interface.
Windows XP
Release date October 25, 2001. Based on Windows NT
architecture. Stability and performance improvements.
Reworked GUI graphical user interface. New software
management applications. First version using product
activation.
Use of multiple accounts.
Improve text readability with ClearType.
Remote desktop.
Support for most ADSL and Wireless modems.
Windows Vista
Release date January 30, 2007.
It incorporates Windows Media Center.
Windows Aero graphical interface.
Windows Anytime Upgrade.
Internet Explorer 7.
Windows Sidebar.
Windows Media Player 11.
- Windows 7
▪ Release date October 2009.
▪ Handwriting recognition enhancements.
▪ Support for virtual disks.
▪ Improved process performance
multicore.
▪ Improved starting performance.
▪ Direct Acess and core enhancements.
▪ S upport for multiple graphics cards.

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▪ S everal items are added to the Control Panel.
▪ Performance improvements in touchscreen systems.
▪ Visual changes to the interface.
- Windows 8
Release date April 2, 2014.
New home screen.
Exclusive utilities of Windows 8 Apps.
Internet Explorer 10, HTML 5 and CSS3.
One Drive.
PC configuration.
Customizable lock screen.
- Windows 8.1
▪ Release date January 9, 2018.
▪ More sizes for the thumbnails.
▪ New colors on the home screen.
▪ A bility to synchronize more configurations between
devices.
▪ PC configuration expansion.
▪ New applications.
▪ Internet Explorer 11.
- Windows 10
Release date July 29, 2015.
Current operating system.
Harmonization of user experiences and functionality between different types of
devices.
New applications.
Redesigned start menu.
Incorporates biometric authentication technology.
Automatic compression for system files.
New Microsoft Edge browser.
Incorporates DirectX 12.
LINUX
There are many operating systems based on Linux with their respective versions.
These are the most commonly used.
- open SUSE
▪ Independent distribution of German origin
▪ Its latest version is 15.0.
▪ A llows you to choose between GNOME and KDE Plasma as
graphical desktop environments.
▪ It has LibreOffice 6.0.4.
▪ It has Internet browser applications such as Firefox in
version 60.0 and KMail in version 5.7.3.
▪ A s a media player there is Dragon Player 17.12.3.

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- MX Linux
Co-production between Greece and the United States. Its latest version is 17.1.
It has XFCE as its default graphical interface. Firefox 58.0.2 as Internet browser.
Thunderbird 52.6.0 as mail client.
LibreOffice 6.0.1 in the office automation section.
- Fedora
▪ Independent, U.S.-based distribution.
▪ Its latest version is 28.0.0.
▪ It comes with Gnome as the default interface.
▪ Firefox 59.0.2 for surfing the Internet.
LibreOffice 6.0.3 for the office section.
- Antergos
Of Spanish origin.
Its latest version is 18.7.
Arch-based distribution.
It uses Gnome as a preinstalled interface.
It comes with the latest version of the Chromium browser.

- Solus
▪ Of Irish origin.
▪ Its latest version is 3.0.
▪ Its graphical interface is Budgie, an environment very similar to
Windows 7.

- Elementary
Of U.S. origin.
Its latest version is 0.4.1.
Based on Debian.
It has its own interface known as Pantheon, which emulates the MacOS environment.
Its software center is quite complete, with everything you need to find applications.
- Debian
▪ It is a globally created distribution.
▪ Its latest version is 9.
It has the highest compatibility with processor architectures, being
possible to install it on 9 different architectures.
▪ Compatible with the vast majority of graphical interfaces.
▪ Includes Firefox 52.2.0.
▪ Evolution as a mail client.
▪ For vector graphics includes Inkscape 0.92.1.
▪ LibreOffice 5.2.7.

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▪ Gimp for photo editing.
▪ In the multimedia section it includes Rhythmbox.
- Ubuntu
▪ Created in the Isle of Man.
▪ Its latest version is 18.04.
▪ It uses Gnome as the graphical interface.
▪ Includes Firefox in version 59.0.2.
▪ LibreOffice 6.0.3.
▪ Thunderbird 52.7.0 as mail client.
- Linux Mint
▪ Of Irish origin.
▪ Its latest version is 19.
▪ Based on both Debian and Ubuntu.
▪ Integrates by default with Cinnamon as
graphical interface.
▪ Includes Firefox 60.0.2.
▪ Gimp 2.8.22 as a photo editor.
▪ Thunderbird 52.7.0 as mail client.
▪ LibreOffice 6.0.3.

- Manjaro
▪ O f Austrian, German and French origin.
▪ Its latest version is 17.1.11.
▪ Based on Arch.
▪ Default interface to XFCE.
▪ Firefox 61.0.1.
▪ Gimp 2.10.2.
▪ Thunderbird 52.9.1.
▪ LibreOffice 6.0.5.

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Part 6. File system.

(0.75 points)
14. Answer the following questions:

a. What is meant by the file system? (0.25)

The file system is the way of storing information permanently on external media. It is the storage
system of a memory device, which structures and organizes the writing, searching, reading, storing,
editing and deleting of files in a particular way.

The main objective of this organization is to enable the user to identify the files without room for
error and to access them as quickly as possible.

File systems also provide files with the following features, among others: file naming conventions,
file attributes and access control.

File systems are an important operating component, as they act as an interface between the
operating system and all devices connected to the computer (internal and external, such as USB
sticks).

b. Do all operating systems use the same file system? (0.25)

No, there are several standard file systems for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix and all other operating
systems. Although they have some similarities, the file systems are in principle incompatible with
each other.
- Windows uses the FAT (File Allocation Table) and NTFS (NT File System) systems.
- Linux uses ext (ext2, ext3, ext4) and ReiserFS systems.
- Mac OS uses HFS+ and APFS systems.

c. Why do we need to know the right file system for an operating system? (0.25)

Each file system has its own advantages and limitations, so it is important to know them in order to
choose the one that best suits your needs.
- FAT32 file systems: Its advantage is that it is quite compatible with most operating
systems. Its disadvantage is that it can only store files up to 4 Gb in size.
- exFAT file systems: solves the 4 Gb limitation and is compatible with the latest
versions of the different operating systems. Recommended for external drives to
avoid compatibility problems.
- NTFS file systems: no size limits, but its main drawback is that it is not fully
compatible with operating systems other than Windows.
- HFS+ file systems: in the same way that NTFS is for Windows, Apple created HFS+,
which is not fully compatible with Windows.
- Ext2, ext3, ext4 file systems: created exclusively for Linux systems.

In summary;
If what you need is to save and be able to share, without risk of compatibility, light

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files on an external USB drive, a good option would be the FAT32 system.
If you also need to have no size limitation, you could use the exFAT system, for
example, to back up a hard disk.
If you only use Windows family operating systems, the NTFS system would be the
option.
On the other hand, if the operating system you use is Mac, the recommended file
system would be HFS+.
Finally, for Linux operating systems, the appropriate file systems are ext2, ext3 and
ext4.

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