Bragg’s law of diffraction

9
1) X-ray of frequency 4. 28×10 𝐺𝐻𝑧 is diffracted by a plane of rock-salt with 0. 28 𝑛𝑚 as the
lattice constant. Determine the angle for the second-order diffraction. Assume the Miller
indices of the incident plane to be (110).
2) Calculate the incident angles for three orders of diffraction when X-rays of wavelength
0. 440 Å are diffracted by a cube of rock-salt crystal with interatomic planar spacing of
2. 814 Å.

Photoelectric Effect

3) What is energy of blue photon that has the wavelength of 450 𝑛𝑚?
4) In the photoelectric experiment, green light, with a wavelength of 522 𝑛𝑚 is the
longest-wavelength radiation that can cause the photoemission of electrons from a clean
sodium surface.
i) What is the work function (Φ) of sodium, in electron-volts?
ii) If UV (ultraviolet) radiation of wavelength 250 𝑛𝑚 is incident to the sodium surface,
what will be the kinetic energy of the photo-emitted electrons, in electron-volts?
−2
iii) Suppose that the UV light of wavelength 250 𝑛𝑚 has an intensity of 20 𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑚 . If the
emitted electrons are collected by applying a positive bias to the opposite electrode, what
will be the photoelectric current density?
5) A photoelectric experiment indicates that violet light of wavelength 420 𝑛𝑚 is the longest
wavelength radiation that can cause the photoemission of electrons from a particular
multi-alkali photocathode surface.
a) What is the work function (Φ) of sodium, in electron-volts?
b) If a UV radiation of wavelength 360 𝑛𝑚 is incident upon the photocathode surface, what
will be the maximum kinetic energy of the photoemitted electrons, in 𝑒𝑉?
−2
c) Given that the UV light of wavelength 360 𝑛𝑚 has an intensity of 20 𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑚 , if the
emitted electrons are collected by applying a positive bias to the opposite electrode, what
−2
will be the photoelectric current density in 𝑚𝐴 𝑐𝑚 ?
6) Cesium metal is to be used as the photocathode material in a photoemissive electron tube
because electrons are relatively easily removed from a Cesium surface. The work function of
a clean Cesium surface is 1. 9 𝑒𝑉.
a) What is the longest wavelength of radiation which can result in photoemission?
b) If blue radiation of wavelength 450 𝑛𝑚 is incident onto the 𝐶𝑠 photocathode, what will
be the kinetic energy of the photoemitted electrons in 𝑒𝑉? What would be the voltage
required on the opposite electrode to extinguish the external photocurrent?
−2
c) Suppose a blue light of wavelength 450 𝑛𝑚 with an intensity of 30 𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑚 is incident
on a 𝐶𝑠 photocathode that is a circular disk of diameter 6𝑚𝑚. If the emitted electrons are
collected by applying a positive bias voltage to the anode, and the photocathode has a
Quantum efficiency of 25%, what will be the photoelectric current.
Photon and Photon Flux

7) Consider a 1 𝑘𝑊 AM radio transmitter at 700 𝑘𝐻𝑧, calculate the number of photons emitted
from the antenna per second.
−2
8) The average intensity of sunlight on Earth’s surface is about 1𝑘𝑊 𝑚 . T'he Maximum
intensity is at a wavelength around 800 𝑛𝑚. Assuming that all the photons have an 800 𝑛𝑚
wavelength, calculate the number of photons arriving on Earth's surface per unit time per unit
area. What is the magnitude of the electric field in the sunlight?
9) Suppose that a solar cell device can convert each sunlight photon into an electron, which can
then give rise to an external current. What is the maximum current that can be supplied per
unit area of this solar cell device?

Compton Scattering

10) Photons of wavelength of 0. 05 𝑛𝑚 are scattered from a sheet of carbon. What will be the
wavelength of photons that are scattered at (a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90°
11) Typical X-rays used in mammography have a wavelength of about 0. 6 Å. Calculate the
energy and momentum of an X-ray atom with this wavelength and the velocity of a
corresponding electron that has the same momentum.

Wave-particle Duality & Schrodinger’s wave equation

−1
12) A 50 𝑔 golf ball is traveling at a velocity of 20 𝑚𝑠 . Calculate the wavelength of the golf
ball.
−1
13) A proton is traveling at 2200 𝑚𝑠 . Calculate the wavelength of the proton. (
−27
𝑚𝑝 = 1. 67×10 𝑘𝑔)
14) Electron is accelerated by 100 𝑉. Calculate the wavelength of the electron.
15) Electrons are accelerated through a 100 𝑉 potential difference to strike a polycrystalline
aluminium sample. The diffraction pattern indicates that the highest intensity has the smallest
incident angle of 15. 2°. The separation of the interatomic planes is 0. 234 𝑛𝑚. What is
wavelength of the electron and how does it compare with the de Broglie relationship?
16) Consider an electron in an infinite potential well of size 0. 1 𝑛𝑚. What is the ground-state
energy of the electron? What is the energy required to transition the electron to the third
level? What is the wavelength of light?
17) Consider a macroscopic object of mass 100 grams confined to move between two rigid walls
separated by 1 𝑚. What is the minimum speed of the object? What should the quantum
−1
number be of the object is moving with a speed of 1𝑚𝑠 . What is the separation of energy
levels of object moving with that speed?

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle

18) Consider an electron confined to region of size 0. 1 𝑛𝑚, which is the typical dimension of an
atom. What will be the uncertainty in its momentum and hence its kinetic energy?
19) Estimate the uncertainty of an 100 𝑔 apple’s momentum confined to a crate of size 1 𝑚. Also
calculate its uncertainty in its velocity.
20) Hydrogen atom has an atomic radius of 0. 01 𝑛𝑚. Suppose an experiment was conducted
where the position of the electron is measured with an uncertainty (∆𝑥) of 1% of the value of
the radius. What was the uncertainty in the electron’s momentum (∆𝑝) during the
measurement?

Density of States in a Band

21) Given that the width of an energy band is typically ~10𝑒𝑉, calculate the following, in per
3
𝑐𝑚 and per 𝑒𝑉 units:

a) The density of states at the center of the band.

b) The number of states per unit volume within a small energy range 𝑘𝑇 about the center.

c) The density of states at 𝑘𝑇 above the bottom of the band.