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The Muscular
System of the
Frog
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify the different kinds of
muscles.
Describe the Nature of
Muscles.
Identify the parts and
functions of muscles.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents

01 The Muscular
02
Muscles of the Head,
System of the Frog Trunk, and Forelimb

03 04 Muscles of the
Muscles of the
Thigh Shank
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01
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Frogs rely on various muscle types to perform their everyday tasks,
including circulating blood, breathing, getting around, and catching food.

Muscles are the tissues in our body that enable us to move. They also give
shape to the body. Muscles also function for bone attachment and
protection of the internal organs of the body.

Myology - Branch of biology that specializes on the study of muscles and

its parts
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3 TYPES OF MUSCLES
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Key in a frog’s day-to-day These muscles don't have The frog's heart is made up
survival. striations, and they of three chambers, one
Muscular frog legs are operate automatically. ventricle and two atria. The
made up of striated Smooth muscle is found in walls of the heart are made
muscles (voluntary muscle the digestive tract, blood up of cardiac muscles,
fiber), meaning a frog can vessels, and organs. called as myocardium.
activate the muscle Smooth muscle allows for Only found in the heart.
consciously as he jumps bodily functions such as
after his prey or to avoid peristalsis.
becoming prey himself.
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3 TYPES OF MUSCLES
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01
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MUSCLE FIBERS
when a muscle contracts, myofibrils contracts too one end remains fixed
Muscle fiber

myofibrils insertion origin

while the other remains connective tissue
movable
fascia

bundle of muscle
fibers

aponeurosis tendon
(broad sheet) (cord-like and thick)

bones
At the end, the bundle of muscle, forms strong extensions which attach the muscle to the bones
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01
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Flexors- bend certain parts of the
body
Extensors- straighten parts
Abductors- pull parts away from the
body
Adductor- muscles parts pull inwards
toward the sagittal parts of the body
Depressors- lower parts
Levators- raise parts of the body
Sphincters- constrict openings
Constrictors- compress spaces
Protractors- push parts away from
their bases
Retractors- pull parts toward their
bases
Rotators- make parts turn about their
axes
Supinators- turn them upwards
Pronators- turn them downward
Antagonist- muscles oppose each
other
Synergists- muscles that supplement
one another in their action.
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02

MUSCLES OF THE HEAD

A
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DORSAL VIEW

TEMPORALIS MUSCLE/ TEMPORAL PTERYGOIDEUS

MASSETER DEPRESSOR MANDIBULARIS
CUCULLARIS
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TEMPORALIS MUSCLE/ TEMPORAL
-A small muscles that extends from the
tip of the suprascapula to the region
between the tympanic ring and the eye.

Depressor mandibulae
- A broad muscle behind the tympanic ring
that closes the mouth.

Masseter
- A small muscle located in the front of
the tympanic ring that raises the lower jaw
and closes the mouth.
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DORSAL VIEW
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Cucullaris Muscle
- A large wedge-shaped muscle,
sometimes termed the trapezius.

Pterygodeus
- It is located at pterygoid region of the
skull in the medial side of the condyle of
the mandible and assists in jaw
movement
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VENTRAL VIEW

SUBMENTALIS
MYLOH
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Submentalis
- The anterior/ventral tip of the
mandible Anterior angle of the lower jaw
and raises tip of the lower jaw

Mylohyoid
- A very thin sheet of muscle at the ventral
surface of the floor of the mouth.

Geniohyoid
- It elevates the hyoid bone and draw it
anteriorly. This has as a consequence the attached
larynx and pharynx to move anterosuperiorly.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Sterno-radialis
- It is a thick median pair of muscles which is
partly covered by the posterior rim of the
mylohyoid. Its origin is episternum and
omosternum and inserted in Proximal end of
the radius.
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02

MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK

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DORSAL VIEW
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Iliolumbaris. Lateral to the

longissimus dorsi, it is separated from
the external oblique by a connective
tissue, the lateral or horizontal
skeletogenous septum. Taking origin
from the anterior portion of the ilium
it inserts into the transverse
processed of the vertebral column. It
is a flexor of the back.
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DORSAL VIEW
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The longissimus dorsi is located in the lower

region and runs anteroposteriorly between
the spinal processes and diapophyses of the
vertebrae. The longissimus dorsi extend the
vertebral column and raise the frog's head.
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DORSAL VIEW
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External Oblique is located in the

lateral side of the abdomen and it
compresses and support the frog's
abdomen which flexes its trunk.
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DORSAL VIEW
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.- Coccygeo-sacralis. A pair of narrow V-

Shaped muscles posterior to the
longissimus- dorsi is the coccygeo-
sacralis. It originates from the lateral
anterior half of the urostyle and inserts
into the transverse processes of the
sacral vertebrae. The muscle draws the
back and urostyle closer to each other
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Pectoralis adducts and flexes arm and

rotates it medially

Rectus abdominis is a ventral abdominal

wall (thin and flat muscle) which is also
compresses abdomen. However, it
produces push power, whether the frog is
swimming or jumping, by flexing the leg
and extending the foot.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Xiphisternum appear to be new

structures that might have a role in
shock absorption.

Linea alba is a longitudinal septum of

connective tissue (white line) and
maintain the abdominal muscles at a
certain proximity to each other. In the
case of long-lasting increased intra-
abdominal pressure, the linea alba
widens.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Obliquus externus is a lateral to the rectus

abdominis, located on the sides of the
abdomen, originating from the dorsal fascia,
inserted on the linea alba, supports and
compresses the abdomen, and compresses
the lungs.
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FORELIMB

Triceps Brachii
Deltoid
Dorsalis Scapulae
Latissimus Dorsi
Anconeus
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02

MUSCLES OF THE FORELIMBS

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DORSAL VIEW

Dorsalis Scapulae
- Serves as an abductor of the forearm
Latissimus Dorsi
- Its function is to draw
the forelimbs upward
and backward

Anconeus
- Its function is to draw
the forelimbs upward
and backward
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VENTRAL VIEW

Deltoid
- Adductor and protractor of the arm.

Triceps Brachii (can be seen on

both the ventral and dorsal side)

- Serves as an extensor of the

forearm
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03

MUSCLES OF THE THIGH Chapter 2

Dorsal and Ventral view

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Triceps femoris- is a long, strap-
shaped muscle that covers the
anterior surface of the frog's
thigh. It originates on the pubis
and inserts on the tibio-fibula. Its
function is to flex the thigh and
shank.
1. Vastus externus
2. Rectus femoris anticus
3. Vastus internus
Gluteus- The small bean-shape
muscles near the end of the
frog’s back. Found between the
vastus externus and rectus
femoris anticus, It's function is to
rotate the thigh laterally.
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Biceps femoris- it bends the leg
and draws the thigh dramatically.
It is a slender muscle whose
proximal end is partly covered by
vastus externus.
Semi-membranous- Its function is
to extend the thigh and flex the
shank. Originates from ischium and
pubis and inserts in tibio-fibula.
Pyriformis- a short, slender
muscle that originates on the
ventral side of the tip of the
urostyle. Rotates the femur during
the hip extension and abducts the
femur during flexion of the hip.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Sartorius muscle
flat ,and most ventral muscle crossing
the thigh obliquely
Originates from the ilium in front of the
pubis and is inserted by a tendon along
the proximal end of the tibio-fibula
It bends the thigh and pulls it ventrally
and forward.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Adductor longus
Flat narrow muscle lying between the
postero-ventral side of the triceps and
the sartorius
Ventrally it is covered by the sartorius
muscle so only a small part it could be
seen
Cut across the belly of the sartorius to
expose the adductor longus
Originates from the ventral part of the
ilium and is inserted into the distal end
of the femur.
It pulls the thigh ventrally and forward.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Adductor magnus
A thick triangular muscle posterior to
the adductor longus
Has two heads:
The bigger short head originates from
the ischium.
The smaller long head originates from
the pubis.
The whole muscle is inserted into the
distal end of the femur.
It adducts and abducts the thigh and
can pull it forward.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Gracilis major
The large muscle that you can see
posterior to the adductor magnus and
with oblique markings across its belly
It extends from the ischium to the
proximal end of the tibio-fibula.
It flexes or extends the shank and pulls
the thigh backward.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Gracilis minor
The strip of long muscle along the
posterior margin of the thigh.
Similar function with that of gracilis
major
It flexes or extends the shank and pulls
the thigh backward.
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VENTRAL VIEW
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Semitendinosus
Cut across the belly of the gracilis
Semitendinosus
major and deflect the muscles, it is the
exposed two headed muscle lying
posterior to the femur.
It originates from the ischium and is
inserted into the end of the tibio fibula.
It can bend and adduct the leg.
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19. Adductor longus 23. Semitendinosus

21. Adductor magnus 24. Gracilis Major
22. Sartorius 25. Gracilis Minor
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04

MUSCLES OF SHANK
Dorsal and Ventral view
Chapter 3
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REFERENCES
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https://www.cuteness.com/article/parts-frogs-muscular-system?
fbclid=IwAR011lvqwaIeY7AvPkEFAGvM8F03HZSTsH-mYSnQKgyceJ3HTMCBDdEZdl8
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kECMEF_iTLk
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Thank You
By Group 6