”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR secretions from organs, and

SYSTEM regulate blood flow through vessels.
1.Movement of the body. 7.Contraction of the heart. The
Contraction of skeletal muscles is contraction of cardiac muscle
responsible for the overall causes the heart to beat, propelling
movements of the body, such as blood to all parts of the body
walking, running, and manipulating
objects with the hands. OVERVIEW OF MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
2.Maintenance of posture. Skeletal
muscles constantly maintain tone,
which keeps us sitting or standing
erect.

3.Respiration. Muscles of the thorax

carry out the movements necessary
for respiration.

4.Production of body heat. When

skeletal muscles contract, heat is
given off as a

by-product. This released heat is

critical to the maintenance of body
temperature.

5.Communication. Skeletal muscles

are involved in all aspects of
communication, including
speaking, writing, typing, gesturing,
and facial expressions.

6.Constriction of organs and vessels.

The contraction of smooth muscle
within the walls of internal organs
and vessels causes those structures
to constrict. This constriction can
help propel and mix food and water
in the digestive tract, propel
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE
(a) Part of a muscle attached by a
tendon to a bone. A muscle is
composed of muscle fasciculi, each
surrounded by perimysium. The
fasciculi are composed of bundles of
individual muscle fibers (muscle
cells), each surrounded by
endomysium. The entire muscle is
surrounded by a connective tissue
sheath called epimysium, or
muscular fascia.
(b) Enlargement of one muscle fiber
containing several myofibrils.
(c) A myofibril extended out the
end of the muscle fiber, showing the
banding patterns of the sarcomeres.
(d) A single sarcomere of a myofibril
is composed mainly of actin
myofilaments and myosin
myofilaments. The Z disks anchor
the actin myofilaments, and the
myosin myofilaments are held in
place by the M line.
(e) Part of an actin myofilament is
enlarged.
(f) Part of a myosin myofilament is
enlarged.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
● Skeletal muscle, with its
associated connective tissue,
constitutes approximately 40%
of body weight. Skeletal muscle
is so named because most of
the muscles are attached to the
skeletal system. It is also called
striated muscle because
transverse bands, or striations,
can be seen in the muscle
under the microscope.
FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
CONTRACTILITY
● is the ability of skeletal muscle
to shorten with force. When
skeletal muscles contract, they
cause the structures to which
they are attached to move.
Skeletal muscles shorten
forcefully during contraction,
but they lengthen passively.
Either gravity or the
contraction of an opposing
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
muscle produces a force that THE SARCOMERE
pulls on the shortened muscle,
● The striated appearance of
causing it to lengthen.
skeletal muscle fibers is due to
EXCITABILITY the arrangement of the
myofilaments of actin and
● is the capacity of skeletal
myosin in sequential order
muscle to respond to a
from one end of the muscle
stimulus. Normally, the
fiber to the other. Each packet
stimulus is from nerves that we
of these microfilaments and
consciously control.
their regulatory proteins,
EXTENSIBILITY troponin and tropomyosin
(along with other proteins) is
● means that skeletal muscles
called a sarcomere.
stretch. After a contraction,
skeletal muscles can be EXCITABILITY OF MUSCLE FIBERS
stretched to their normal
resting length and beyond to a
limited degree

ELASTICITY
● is the ability of skeletal muscles
to recoil to their original
resting length after they have
been stretched.

STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE

ION CHANNELS AND THE ACTION

POTENTIAL
● Step 1 illustrates the status of
Na+ and K+ channels in a
resting cell.
● Steps 2 and 3 show how the
channels open and close to
produce an action potential.
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
● Next to each step, the ● (B)Photomicrograph of
charge difference acrossthe neuromuscular junctions.
plasma membrane is illustrated.
FUNCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR
NERVE SUPPLY & MUSCLE FIBER JUNCTION
STIMULATION

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
● Another specialization of the
skeletal muscle is the site
where a motor neuron’s
terminal meets the muscle
fiber—called the
neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
This is where the muscle fiber
first responds to signaling by
the motor neuron. Every
skeletal muscle fiber in every
skeletal muscle is innervated
by a motor neuron at the NMJ.
Excitation signals from the
neuron are the only way to
functionally activate the fiber
to contract.
● (A)In a neuromuscular
junction, several branches of
an axon junction with a single
muscle fiber.
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
SUMMARY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION

● Aerobic respiration is the

breakdown of glucose in the
presence of oxygen (O2) to
produce carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP.
Approximately 95 percent of
the ATP required for resting
or moderately active muscles
is provided by aerobic
respiration, which takes place
in mitochondria.

PHASE OF A MUSCLE TWITCH

● Some ATP is stored in a
resting muscle. As
contraction starts, it is used
up in seconds. More ATP is

MULTIPLE WAVE SUMMATION

generated
● Each glucose molecule
produces two ATP and two
molecules of pyruvic acid
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
● Muscle fibers are very
energy-demanding cells
whether at rest or during any
form of exercise. This energy
comes from either aerobic
(with O2) or anaerobic
(without O2) ATP production
● Generally, ATP is derived
from four processes in
skeletal muscle:
1.Aerobic production of ATP during
most exercise and normal
conditions
2.Anaerobic production of ATP
during intensive short-term work
3.Conversion of a molecule called
creatine (kr̄ ′ a-t̄ n) phosphate to
ATP
4.Conversion of two ADP to one ATP
and one AMP (adenosine
monophosphate) during heavy
exercise
FATE OF ATP IN RESTING AND
EXERCISING MUSCLE
● Glycolysis is an anaerobic
(non-oxygen-dependent)
process that breaks down
glucose (sugar) to produce
ATP.
● Aerobic respiration is the
breakdown of glucose or
other nutrients in the
presence of oxygen (O2) to
produce carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP.
● Muscle tension, force
generated by the contraction
of the muscle (or shortening
of the sarcomeres)
● Isotonic contractions, where
the tension in the muscle
stays constant, a load is
moved as the length of the
muscle changes (shortens).
● A concentric contraction
involves the muscle
shortening to move a load.
● An eccentric contraction
occurs as the muscle tension
diminishes and the muscle
lengthens. Isometric
contractions involve
sarcomere shortening and
increasing muscle tension,
but do not move a load, as the
force produced cannot
overcome the resistance
provided by the load.
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
● You have 640 skeletal LARGE MOTOR UNIT
muscles in your body
motor neurons may synapse with
Sartorius – the longest muscles, and innervate a thousand muscle
located in your upper thigh fibers

Stapedius – the tinniest muscle, SMALL MOTOR UNIT

located in the middle ear
Muscles Are Actually PULLING
Their Insertions toward their origins
A hand full of motor neuron
connect to a single fine neuron that
produce a specialized movement/
function

TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBERS

SKELETAL MUSCLE
SLOW OXIDATIVE
PRIME MOVERS
Slow oxidative (SO) fibers contract
Muscles that are primary concern
relatively slowly and use aerobic
with the movement (Agonist
respiration (oxygen and glucose) to
Muscles)
produce ATP.
ANTAGONISTS
FAST OXIDATIVE
working in reverse of that particular
Fast oxidative (FO) fibers have fast
movement, preventing the prime
contractions and primarily use
mover to over extend
aerobic respiration, but because
SYNERGISTS they may switch to anaerobic
respiration (glycolysis),can fatigue
Helps the prime movers lending a
more quickly than SO fibers.
little extra oomph stabilizing joints
against dislocation FAST GLYCOLYTIC

FIXATORS Fast
glycolytic
if a synergist immobilize the
(FG) fibers
muscles’ origin bone so that the
have fast
prime mover can be more effective.
contractions
MOTOR UNITS and primarily
a group of muscle fibers that all get use
their Signals from the same, single anaerobic
motor neuron glycolysis.
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
The FG fibers fatigue more quickly muscle does not change, but
than the others. the amount of tension
increases during the
FATIGUE
contraction process. Isometric
● Fatigue is a temporary state of contractions are responsible
reduced work capacity. for the constant length of the
Without fatigue, muscle body’s postural muscles, such
fibers would be worked to the as the muscles of the back.
point of structural damage to
ISOTONIC
them and their supportive
tissues. ● isotonic (equal tension)
● Historically it was thought contractions, the amount of
that buildup of lactic acid and tension produced by the
the corresponding drop in pH muscle is constant during
(acidosis) was the major contraction, but the length of
cause of fatigue. However, it the muscle decreases.
is now established that there
CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
are multiple mechanisms
underlying muscular fatigue. ● Concentric (kon-sen′ trik)
contractions are isotonic
These mechanisms include:
contractions in which muscle
● Acidosis and ATP depletion tension increases as the muscle
due to either an increased shortens. Many common
ATP consumption or a movements are produced by
decreased ATP production concentric muscle
● Oxidative stress, which is contractions.
characterized by the buildup
ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
of excess reactive oxygen
species (ROS; free radicals) ● Eccentric (ek-sen′ trik)
● 3. Local inflammatory contractions are isotonic
reactions contractions in which tension
is maintained in a muscle, but
TYPES OF MUSCLE the opposing resistance causes
CONTRACTIONS
the muscle to lengthen.
ISOMETRIC Eccentric contractions are used
when a person slowly lowers a
● isometric (equal distance)
heavy weight.
contractions, the length of the
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
MUSCLE TONE extracellular fluid through
membrane indentations called
● Muscle tone is the constant
calveoli.
tension produced by body
muscles over long periods of CARDIAC MUSCLE
time. Muscle tone is
● Cardiac muscle tissue is only
responsible for keeping the
found in the heart. Highly
back and legs straight, the head
coordinated contractions of
in an upright position, and the
cardiac muscle pump blood
abdomen from bulging. Muscle
into the vessels of the
tone depends on a small
circulatory system. Similar to
percentage of all the motor
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
units in a muscle being
is striated and organized into
stimulated at any point in time,
sarcomeres, possessing the
causing their muscle fibers to
same banding organization as
contract tetanically and out of
skeletal muscle.
phase with one another.
● Contractions of the heart
SMOOTH MUSCLE (heartbeats) are controlled by
specialized cardiac muscle cells
● Smooth muscle fibers are
called pacemaker cells that
spindle-shaped (wide in the
directly control heart rate.
middle and tapered at both
Although cardiac muscle
ends, somewhat like a football)
cannot be consciously
and have a single nucleus;
controlled, the pacemaker cells
Although they do not have
respond to signals from the
striations and sarcomeres,
autonomic nervous system
smooth muscle fibers do have
(ANS) to speed up or slow
actin and myosin contractile
down the heart rate. The
proteins, and thick and thin
pacemaker cells can also
filaments. These thin filaments
respond to various hormones
are anchored by dense bodies.
that modulate heart rate to
A dense body is analogous to
control blood pressure.
the Z-discs of skeletal and
cardiac muscle fibers and is
fastened to the sarcolemma.
Calcium ions are supplied by
the SR in the fibers and by
sequestration from the
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
● This group of cells is SUPERFICIAL BODY
self-excitable and able to MUSCULATURE
depolarize to threshold and fire
action potentials on their own,
a feature called
autorhythmicity; they do this at
set intervals which determine
heart rate. Because they are
connected with gap junctions
to surrounding muscle fibers
and the specialized fibers of the
heart’s conduction system, the
pacemaker cells are able to
transfer the depolarization to
the other cardiac muscle fibers
in a manner that allows the
heart to contract in a
coordinated manner.

Interactions of Skeletal Muscles,

Their Fascicle Arrangement, and
Their Liver Systems
 ”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND MUSCLE OF THORAX
NECK

MUSCLE OF ABDOMINAL

DEEP NECK AND BACK MUSCLE

”The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body”