Locomotion & Movement (Muscles)

LOCOMOTION

 Movement is one of the significant

features of living beings.

 Some of the movements result in

change of place or location.

 Such voluntary movements are

called locomotion.

 All locomotions are movements but

all movements are not locomotions.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN HUMAN
Cells of the human body exhibit three main types of
movement :

Amoeboid Eg. Macrophages and

Movement Leucocytes in blood
TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN HUMAN
Eg. Cilia in Trachea (to remove the
foreign particles) &
Ciliary
Female reproductive tract (for
Movement passage of ova).
TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN HUMAN

Muscular Eg. Movement of our limbs,

Movement jaws, tongue, etc.
MUSCLES

 Study of muscle Myology / Sarcology

 Muscle is a specialized tissue of
mesodermal origin.
 About 40-50 per cent of the body
weight of a human adult is contributed
by muscles
 Muscles have special properties like
excitability, contractility, extensibility
and elasticity.
BASED ON THEIR LOCATION, THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES ARE IDENTIFIED

1. Voluntary or Skeletal muscles

2. Involuntary or Smooth muscles
3. Cardiac muscles
VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
 Closely associated with the skeletal
components of the body.
 Have a striped appearance under
the microscope and hence are
called Striated muscles .

Muscle Fiber
STRUCTURE OF STRIATED MUSCLES

Fascicle
(muscle bundle)

Muscle fibre
(muscle cell)
Sarcolemma
Blood capillary

 Epimysium- Covering of
muscle
 Perimysium- Covering of
Fasciculi
 Endomysium- Covering of
muscle fiber
STRUCTURE OF STRIATED MUSCLES FIBER
 Muscle fibers are lined by plasma membrane (sarcolemma)
enclosing the sarcoplasm

 A characteristic feature of the muscle fibre is the presence of a

large number of parallelly arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm
called myofilaments or myofibrils.

 Each myofibril has alternate dark and light bands on it.

 The light bands contain actin and is called I-band or Isotropic

band, whereas the dark band called A- band or Anisotropic band
contains myosin.
STRUCTURE OF STRIATED MUSCLES FIBER

Muscle fiber
MAYOFIBRIL
SARCOMERE
 SARCOMERE
 The portion of myofibril between two successive Z lines
is considered as the functional unit of contraction and
called a Sarcomere.

 Sarcomere = Structural and Functional unit of

muscle fibre.

 The Length of Sarcomere is 2.5 µm. (Actin rod = 1µm,

myosin = 1.5 mm)
STRUCTURE OF STRIATED MUSCLES FIBER
 Actin filaments are thinner as compared to the myosin
filaments, hence are commonly called thin and thick
filaments respectively.
 In the centre of each I-band is an elastic fibre called ‘Z’
line which bisects it.
 The thin filaments are firmly attached to the Z line.
 The thick filaments in the A-band are also held together in
the middle of this band by a thin fibrous membrane called
‘M’ line.
 The ‘A’ and ‘I’ bands are arranged alternately throughout
the length of the myofibrils.
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS - ACTIN & MYOSIN
Actin protein :
 Each actin (thin) filament is made of two F (filamentous)
actins helically wound to each other.

An actin (thin) filament

 Each F actin is a polymer of monomeric G (Globular) actins.
REGULATORY PROTEINS - TROPOMYOSIN & TROPONIN
Tropomyosin –
It is one type of contractile protein.
In the relaxed state of the muscle situated
in such a way, that the active sites remain
covered by the Tropomyosin and attached
at the terminal end of actin.
Troponin –
It is one type of protein which attached
with one of ends of the tropomyosin
molecules.
Troponin is made up of three subunits :
(a) Troponin I (Inhibitory site)
(b) Troponin T (Tropomyosin site)
(c) Troponin C (Ca+2 binding site)
MYOSIN PROTEIN :

Thick filament (Myosin)

Myosin monomer (Meromyosin)

 MYOSIN PROTEIN :
 Many monomeric proteins called Meromyosins
constitute one thick filament.

 Each meromyosin has two important parts, a globular

head with a short arm and a tail.

 The head and short arm projects outwards at regular

distance and angle from each other from the surface of
a polymerized myosin filament and is known as cross
arm.
 The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has
binding sites for ATP and active sites for actin.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS

Neuromuscular junction or
motor-end plate –
 Synapse between a
motor neuron &
sarcolemma is called
neuromuscular junction.
 A motor neuron along
with the muscle fibers
connected to it
constitute a motor unit.
1) Muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by the
central nervous system (CNS) via a motor neuron.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS
STEPS

2) Synaptic vesicle releases a

neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
3) It generates an action
potential in the
sarcolemma
that spreads through the
muscle fiber
4) It causes the release of
calcium ion from
sarcoplasmic cisternae into
sarcoplasm
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS
5) Calcium binds with the subunit of troponin on actin
filaments and unmask the active site of myosin
present on actin.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

Stages in cross bridge formation, rotation of head and breaking of cross bridge
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS

6) Using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, myosin head

binds to active site on the actin to form the cross bridge .

This pulls the Actin fillament on both sides towards the

center of ‘A- band’ as result actin filament partially
overlap so that H-zone disappears.
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction STEPS

Two Sarcomere
figure 20.5 Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction(movement of
thin filament and the relative size of the I band and H zones)
Effect on sarcomere In muscle contration
 H zone disappears

 Length of sarcomere decreases

 Length of I- band decreases

 The length of A band remains unchanged

NOTE : In muscle contraction there is no change in length of Actin &

Myosin rather Actins slides over myosin and hence length of sarcomere
decreases
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RED MUSCLE
& WHITE MUSCLE
Red (slow) muscle White (fast) muscle

Myoglobin content is high. So, it is Myoglobin content is less So, it is

red pale

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is less Sarcoplasmic reticulum is more

extensive extensive

Blood vessels are more extensive Blood vessels are less extensive

Mitochondria are more in number Mitochondria are less in number

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RED MUSCLE
& WHITE MUSCLE
Red (slow) muscle
Depends on aerobic respiration
for ATP production
Response is slow with long latent
period
This muscle is involved in
prolonged and continued activity
as it undergoes sustained
contraction
Fatigue occurs slowly
White (fast) muscle
Depends on anaerobic respiration
for so also called aerobic ATP
production.
Response is rapid with short
latent period
This muscle is not involved in
prolonged and continued activity
as it relaxes immediately
Fatique occure quickly
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE

Plasma membrane
Sarcoplasm

Myofibrils
Nucleus
 INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
These muscles are found in the visceral organ
so are called as visceral muscles or smooth muscles.

 Transverse lines are absent so also called as

unstriated muscle.

 Contractile fibrils are found in the cytoplasm

due to this reason this cytoplasm called
sarcoplasm.
 INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
 Actin is more than myosin.

 Myofibril is functional unit of involuntary muscle.

 The sarcoplasmic reticulum or L tubular system

is not well developed.

 This makes the contraction of smooth muscles

strongly dependent on the ECF Ca++.

 It remain in contracted stage for longer period,

due to this reason muscle called Non fatigue muscle.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
 It is special type of muscle found only in heart
so it is also called as cardiac muscle.

 On the basis of structure it is striated type of

muslce.

 Their muscle fibres are long, cylindrical and

branched.

 Many transverse septa are found in the muscle

fibre which are called as intercalated disc.
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
 Due to septa fibers are divided into many segments
each segment is uninucleated.

 Each segment called individuals cells.

 Dark & light line also found in the Muscle fibre.

 It is also non fatigue type muscle.

 Its contraction is not controlled by will power of

animal.

 On the basis of function it is smooth muscle type.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRAITED, NON-STRIATED
AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Striated Non striated Cardiac
Smooth Striations
Striations Muscle
Nucleus
fibers
Junction
Nucleus between
adjacent
cells
Cylindrical Spindle shaped Cylindrical
Unbranched Unbranched Branched
Multi Nucleated Uninucleated Uninucleated
Light and Dark band Light and Dark band Light and Dark
present absent band absent
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRAITED, NON-STRIATED
AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Striated Non striated Cardiac

Intercalated disc Intercalated disc Intercalated disc

. absent absent present

Controlled by CNS Controlled by ANS Controlled by Both

CNS + ANS

Blood supply Less Richly Blood Richly Blood supply

abundant supply

Soon fatigue Donot get fatigue Never fatigued

DISORDERS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Myasthenia gravis :
Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular
junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of
skeletal muscle.

Muscular dystrophy :
Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to
genetic disorder.

Tetany :
Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low
Ca++ in body fluid.
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