Skeletal Muscle

Functional Anatomy
 Functional Anatomy

Skeletal Muscle

• Act not only to produce movement but also

to stop movement, such as resisting gravity
to maintain posture.
• Muscles also prevent excess movement of
the bones and joints, maintaining skeletal
stability and preventing skeletal structure
damage or deformation.
 Functional Anatomy

Striated Muscle Tissue

• Forming the Skeletal Muscle, which is under

the voluntary control of the somatic nervous
system. Most skeletal muscles are attached
to bones by bundles of collagen fibers
known as tendons.
 Functional Anatomy

Striated Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal muscle cells are excitable and are
subject to depolarization by the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine, released at
the neuromuscular junction by motor
neurons.

• In addition to the actin and myosin

components that constitute the sarcomere,
skeletal muscle fibers also contain two other
important regulatory proteins, troponin and
tropomyosin, that are necessary for muscle
contraction to occur.

• These proteins are associated with actin

and cooperate to prevent its interaction with
myosin.
 Functional Anatomy

Parts of a Skeletal Muscle

• Epimysium- allows a muscle to contract
and move, separates muscle from other
tissues and organs in the area, allowing the
muscle to move independently.
• Fascicle- Inside each skeletal muscle,
muscle fibers are organized into individual
bundles.
• Perimysium- middle layer of connective
tissue
• Endomysium- contains the extracellular
fluid and nutrients to support the muscle
fiber.
• Muscle Fibers- subunits inside the Muscle
Fascicle that contains the Myofibrils.
• Myofibrils- is a long strand of muscle fiber
made up of repeating contractile units called
Sarcomeres.
Functions of the
Skeletal Muscle
 Functions

Our skeletal muscles serve a variety of

functions. Through contraction and relaxation,
skeletal muscles help to support and move our
body. Additionally, it helps with nutrition and
temperature regulation. Skeletal muscle function
is said to be divided into two general categories
which is, support and
movement and homeostasis.
 Functions

Support and Movement

Skeletal muscles move the body.

Skeletal muscle contractions pull
on tendons, which are attached to bones. If
contraction of the muscle causes the
muscle to shorten, the bone and, thus, the
body part will move. Also, skeletal
muscle contraction maintains body posture
and position.
 Functions

Homeostasis

Skeletal muscles contribute to

maintaining temperature homeostasis in the
body by generating heat. All types of muscle
produce heat, but because of the large
amount of skeletal muscle present in the
body, it contributes most greatly to heat
production. This is very noticeable during
exercise, when sustained muscle movement
causes body temperature to rise. In cases of
extreme cold, shivering produces random
skeletal muscle contractions to generate heat
as part of the negative feedback mechanism
of maintaining body temperature.
 STRUCTURE OF
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE OVERVIEW

-a voluntary muscle
- consists of elongated multinuclear cells (myocytes)
- attached to the bone by a tendon
- forms a distinct organ of muscle tissue,
blood vessels, tendons, and nerves
- often exists in pairs: primary mover & antagonist
 STRUCTURE OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE

Three layers:
-Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
EPIMYSIUM
-a sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue
- wraps the muscle
FASCIA
- separates muscle from other tissues and organs
FASCICULI
- individual bundles of muscle fibers
- common in the muscles of the limbs
PERIMYSIUM
- a middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds
the fasciculi
Muscle fibers
ENDOMYSIUM
-a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers inside the fascicle
- contains extracellular fluid and nutrients to support the muscle fiber
SARCOLEMMA
- plasma membrane of muscle fibers
SARCOMERE
- packet of microfilaments and its regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin)
- the functional unit of muscle fiber
- bundled within the myofibril that runs the entire length of muscle fiber and
attaches to the sarcolemma at its end
- thick filament

- thin filament
 Sarcomere
Overview, and Structures and their Function
 Sarcomere

- Repeating contractile units

seen along the entire length of
each myofibril.

- Characteristic features of the

sarcoplasm of Skeletal and
Cardiac muscle fibers.

- Gives Skeletal muscles its

striations.

- Site of Muscle Contraction.

- Decreases in size during

Muscle Contraction.
 Parts of a Sarcomere
1. Myofilaments
A. Thick Filament (Myosin)
- A contractile protein that
is ATP-depedent and
allows Actin Motility
during Muscle Contraction
and Relaxation.
- Dark staining
B. Thin Filament (Actin)
- Another contractile protein
that moves, causing
Muscle Contraction and
Relaxation.
- Binding site for the
Myosin head.
- Moves close to the M line
during Muscle
Contraction.
 Parts of a Sarcomere

B. Thin Filament (Actin)

– Troponin requires calcium to
unlock the binding sites.
– Tropomyosin blocks the
myosin from binding with the
actin at the binding sites.
 Parts of a Sarcomere

2. Z Line/Disc/Band
- Anchoring point of the
Actin Filaments
- Dense transverse bisection
of the I Band.
- Acts as the boundary of a
single unit of Sarcomere.
- Moves closer towards the
M line during Muscle
Contraction.
 Parts of a Sarcomere

3. H Zone or H Band
- Zone of Thick filaments
that has no actin.
- Shortens or disappears
during Muscle Contraction

4. M Line
- Disc in the middle of the
Sarcomere.
 Parts of a Sarcomere
5. Bands
A. A Band
- Located in the center of
each sarcomere.
- Dark-staining band which
consists mainly of the
thick myosin filaments
overlapping the thin actin
filaments.
- Bisected by the M line and
the H Band.

B. I Band
- Located at the boundary of
two sarcomeres.
- Light-staining band which
consists mainly of thin
actin filaments.
- Bisected by the Z Disc.
Muscle Contraction
 Structures Surrounding the Sarcomere

1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Mainly the Terminal
Cisternae.
- Part of the Triad
responsible during muscle
contraction.
- Responsible for the influx
of Calcium ions during
Muscle Contraction, and
its recovery during Muscle
Relaxation
 Structures Surrounding the Sarcomere

2. T-Tubules (Transverse
Tubules
- Part of the Triad
responsible during muscle
contraction.
- Extensions of the cell
membrane that conduct
impulses from the surface,
up to the Sarcoplasming
Reticulum.
 Structures Surrounding the Sarcomere

3. Mitochondria
- Located in the
Sarcolemma
- Provides ATP needed by
the Myosin for Muscle
Contraction.