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MC 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM)

Doc. Mabel Bitgue | November 03, 2023

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 Some skeletal muscles attach to the skin or
Types of Muscles: connective tissue sheets.
Skeletal  Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle
 Attached to the bones because transverse bands, or striations, can
 Striated be seen in the muscle under the microscope.
 Voluntary controlled
Cardiac CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS
 Located in the heart  Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a
 Striated connective tissue sheath called the
 Involuntary controlled epimysium.
Smooth
 A skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of
 Located in the blood vessels, hollow organs muscle cells, termed fascicles.
 Non-striated
 Each fascicle is surrounded by a connective
 Involuntary tissue covering, termed the perimysium.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM:  Each skeletal muscle cell (fiber) is surrounded
by a connective tissue covering, termed
endomysium.
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER ANATOMY
 A muscle fiber is a large cell, with several
1. Movement
hundred nuclei located at its periphery.
2. Maintain posture
 Muscle fiber range in length 1mm to 30cm.
3. Respiration
 Alternating light and dark bands give muscle
4. Production of body
fibers a striated appearance.
heat
 The number of muscle fiber remains constant
5. Communication
after birth so enlargement of muscle results
6. Constriction of
from an increase in to size of muscle fiber, not
organ and vessels
an increase in fiber number.
7. Contraction of the
heart ELECTRICAL COMPONENT STRUCTURES

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCLE:

 Contractility – the ability of muscle to shorten
forcefully, contract.
 Excitability – the capacity of muscle to
respond to a stimulus.
 Extensibilty - the ability to be stretched
beyond its normal resting length and still be
able to contract.
 Elasticity - the ability of the muscle to recoil to
its original resisting length after it has been
stretched.
WHOLE SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY  The sarcolemma (cell membrane) has many
tubelike inward folds, called transverse tubules,
 Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, with its or T tubules.
associated connective tissue, constitute  T tubules occur at regular intervals along the
approximately 40% body weight. muscle fiber and extend into the center of the
 Skeletal muscle is also so named because of muscle fiber.
the muscles are attached to the skeletal  The T tubules are associated with enlarged
system. portions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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MC 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM)
Doc. Mabel Bitgue | November 03, 2023
 The enlarged portions are called terminal
cisternae.
 Two terminal cisternae and their associated T
tubule form a muscle triad.
 the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a relatively
high concentration of Ca , which plays a major
2+
role in muscle contraction.
 The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called the
sarcoplasm which contains many bundles of
protein filaments.
MECHANICAL COMPONENT STRUCTURES
 Bundles of protein filaments are called
myofibrils
 Myofibrils consist of two types of
myofilaments, actin (thin filaments) and
myosin (thick filaments).
 Actin and myosin are arranged into repeating
units called sarcomeres.
 The myofilaments in the sarcomere provide for
the mechanical aspect of the muscle
contraction.
THE SARCOMERE
 The sarcomere is the basic structural and
functional unit of skeletal muscle.
 Sarcomeres join end to end to create
myofibrils.
 Z disks are network of protein fibers that
serves as an anchor for actin myofilaments
and separate one sarcomere from the next.
 A sarcomere extends from one Z disk to the
next Z disk
 These Z disks hold the actin myofilaments.
 The organization of actin and myosin
myofilaments give skeletal muscle its striated
appearance and gives it the ability to contract.
 The myofilaments slide past each other,
causing the sarcomeres to shorten.
 Each sarcomere consists of two light-staining
bands separated by a dark-staining band.
MYOFILAMENT STRUCTURE
 Actin myofilaments are made up of three
components: actin, troponin, and
tropomyosin.
 Troponin molecules have binding sites for
Ca2+ and tropomyosin filaments block the
myosin myofilament binding sites on the actin
myofilaments.
 Tropomyosin acts as the villain in the love
story of Actin and Myosin.
 Myosin filaments, or thick myofilaments,
resemble bundles of tiny golf clubs.
 Myosin head have ATP binding sites, ATPase
and attachment spots for actin.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION STRUCTURE
 A motor neuron is a nerve cell that stimulates
muscle cells.
 A neuromuscular junction is a synapse
where a neuron connects with a muscle fiber.
 A synapse refers to the cell-to-cell junction
between a nerve cell or an effector cell such
as in a muscle gland.
 A motor unit is a group of muscle fibers that a
single motor neuron stimulates.
 A presynaptic terminal is the end of a neuron
cell axon fiber.
 A synaptic cleft is the space between the
presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic
membrane.
 The postsynaptic membrane is the muscle
fiber membrane (sarcolemma).
 A synaptic vesicle is a vesicle in the
presynaptic terminal that stores and releases
neurotransmitter chemicals.
 Neurotransmitters are chemicals that
stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic cells.
 Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that
stimulates skeletal muscles
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MC 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM)
Doc. Mabel Bitgue | November 03, 2023
SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
 When a muscle contracts, the actin and
myosin myofilaments in the sarcomere slide
past one another at shorten the sarcomere.
 When sarcomeres shorten, myofibrils, muscle
fibers, muscle fascicles, and muscle all
shorten to produce muscle contraction.
 During muscle relaxation, sarcomeres
lengthen.
This is the love story of Actin and Myosin.
EXCITABILITY OF MSUCLE FIBERS
 Muscle fibers are electrically excitable.
 Electrically excitable cells are polarized.
 The inside of the cell membrane is negatively
charged compared with the outside.
 A voltage difference, or electrical charge
difference, exist across each cell membrane.
 The charge difference is due to differences in
concentrations of ions on either side of the
membrane.
ION CHANNELS
 The phospholipid bilayer is impermeable to
ions.
 Two types of membrane proteins, called ion
channel, permit ions to pass through the
membrane.
 Leak Channels allow the slow leak of ions
down their concentration gradient.
 Gated channels may open or close in
response to various types of stimuli.
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
 The electrical charge difference across the cell
membrane of an unstimulated cell called the
resting membrane potential (RMP).
 Muscle cell (fibers) have a resting membrane
potential can also perform action potentials.
 Do you recall the video earlier where there
was a walk-through of the neuron’s action
potential? It serves as electricity that travels in
order for our muscles to move.
 The resting membrane potential is due to the
inside of the membrane being negatively
charged in comparison of the outside of the
membrane which is positively charged.
 Action potentials are due to the membrane
having gate channels.
 The action potential starts once sodium enters
the cell.
 The resting membrane potential exist because
of:
a. The concentration of K+ being higher
on the inside of the cell membrane
and the concentration of Na+ being
higher on the outside.
Keep in mind that the ion with the most
number of molecules inside the cell is
Potassium. On the other hand, the ion
with the most number of molecules
outside the cell is Sodium.
b. The presence of many negatively
charged molecules, such as proteins,
inside the cell that are too large to exit
the cell.
c. The presence of leak channels in the
membrane that are more permeable to
K+ that they are to Na+.
So, once the sodium goes inside the
cellular leak, the potassium will then go
out of the cell.
ACTION POTENTIALS
 An action potential reverses the resting
membrane potential so that the inside of the
cell becomes positive and the outside
negative.
 Occurs because the gated ion channels open
when the cell is stimulated.
 The diffusion of ions through this channel
changes the charge across the cell membrane
and produces an action potential.
 Action potential lasts for 1 to 3 milliseconds.
 The entry of Na+ causes the inside of the cell
membrane become more positive than when
the cell is at resting membrane potential.
 This increase in positive charge inside the cell
membrane called depolarization.
 if the depolarization changes the membrane
potential to the value called threshold, an
action potential is triggered.
 - Depolarization has a limit.
 - If it is unable to reach the amount of sodium
that enters the cell, it will not be stimulated.
Thus, it really needs a threshold to limit the
number of sodium entering the cell in order to
activate an action potential.
 An action potential is a rapid change in charge
across the cell membrane.
 The action potential travels across the
sarcolemma.
 Near the end if depolarization, the positive
charge cause gated Na+ channels to close the
gated K+ channels to open.
 So depolarization, sodium going inside of the
cell, while repolarization, potassium going out
of the cell.
 There are three (3) sodium ions that goes into
the cell, and two (2) potential ions that goes
out of the cell, thus producing an action
potential.
 Opening of gated K+ channels starts
repolarization of the cell membrane.
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MC 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM)
Doc. Mabel Bitgue | November 03, 2023
 repolarization is due to the exit of K+ from the
cell.
 The outward diffusion of K+ returns the cell to
its resting membrane conditions and the action
potential ends.
 In a muscle fiber, an action potential results in
muscle construction
DEPOLARIZATION
Change in charges inside becomes more + and
outside more – Na+ channels open.
ION CHANNELS AND ACTION POTENTIALS
FUNCTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
 Each muscle fiber is innervated by a branch of
a motor neuron at a neuromuscular junction.
 Contact between the axon terminal and the
sarcolemma results in an action potential in
the muscle fiber which, in turn, stimulates to
fiber contract.
 The action potential is stimulated by the
release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. An action potential travels down the motor
neuron to the presynaptic terminal.
2. The action potential causes Ca2+ channels to
open and Ca2+ to enter the terminal.
3. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release
acetylcholine to synaptic cleft.
4. Acetylcholine opens Na+ channels in the
sarcolemma and causes an action potential.
5. The action potential travels along the entire
sarcolemma.
6. The action potential moves down T tubules.
7. Action potentials open gated Ca2 channels in
the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases
stored calcium.
SKELETAL MUSCLE EXCITATION
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MC 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM)
Doc. Mabel Bitgue | November 03, 2023

CROSS BRIDGE MOVEMENT

The mechanical of muscle construction is
called cross-bridge cycling.
 The energy from one ATP molecule from one
cross bridge cycle.
MUSCLE RELAXATION
 Muscle relaxation occurs when acetylcholine
in no longer released at the neuromuscular
junction.
 Action potentials to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
stop.
 Ca2+ is actively transported back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum using energy supplied
by ATP.

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