Kriszel Joy S.

Maderia
SN NOTES

Lipids  Lipids is a long chain of aliphatic

hydrocarbon with carboxylic acid
 It is the most diverse group of
functional group at one end.
organic compounds.
 Lipid with saturated fatty acids is
 Greasy nonpolar molecules
SOLIDS.
soluble in nonpolar organic
 Lipids with unsaturated fatty
solvents.
acids is LIQUIDS.
Functions
 Energy-storage
Types of Fatty Acid
 Source pf nutrients
 Components of membrane on a. Saturated- it is a hydrocarbon
the cell chain that has only single bonds
between carbon atoms.
Classification of Lipids
 Saponifiable- composed of one or
more ester groups; hydrolysis
*e.g. waxes, triglycerides,
shingolipids and phospholipids
o Simple- energy or surface b. Unsaturated- it is a hydrocarbon
chains containing at least one
protective coating
double bond between carbon
*e.g. fatty acid and an
atoms.
alcohol
- Cis- hydrogen atoms
o Complex- cell barriers
on the same pane
*e.g. a fatty acid, an
- Trans- hydrogen atom
alcohol and another
on a different plane.
attached molecule
 Non-Saponifiable- cannot be
disintegrated into smaller
molecules through hydrolysis
reaction.
*e.g. cholesterol and
prostaglandins

Lipids Structure Kinds of Unsaturated Fatty

 It is made up of smaller units of Acid
different kinds (glycerol and fatty 1. Monounsaturated- one double
acids) rather than monomers that bond
repeat themselves; lipids are not 2. Polyunsaturated- many
polymers. double bond
 Kriszel Joy S. Maderia
SN NOTES

o tail region – fatty acids

(hydrophobic)
Fats and Oil
 Triglycerides (triaclyglycerols)-
glycerols + 3 fatty acids
*Dehydration Synthesis
Categories of Fats
1. Saturated Fats- formation of the
plague in the arteries wall.
*e.g. Stearic acid- found in the
butter
2. Unsaturated Fats- it help lowers Micelles
blood cholesterol levels.
*e.g. Linoleic acid- found in  Congregated, small, single-
vegetable oil layered sphere with nonpolar
*e.g. monounsatured fats- interior of phospholipid tails and
OMEGA 9 Fats; polyunsaturates outer surface of polar head
fats- OMEGA 3 and OMEGA 6 groups.
fats; trans fats (hydrogenation)  Composed of Hydrophilic head
and Hydrophobic tail.
3. Trans fats- e.g. Tran-Linoleic
Acid- found on some margarine
How does Micelles Form?

Phospholipids  Saponification of triglycerides –

reaction with strong base (NaOH
 Major constituent of the plasma or KOH) forming sodium
membrane. palmitate (carboxylate salt of fatty
 Composed of 2 fatty acid + acids called sodium palmitate or
glycerol backbone. commonly known as soap.)
o each fatty acids are
attached to 1st and 2nd Sodium Palmitate
carbon in the glycerol  Soap
(diacylglycerol) o Amphiphilic substance
o both saturated or both
o Long, non-polar, aliphatic
unsaturated or one of each
tail (hydrophobic)
o phosphate group are
o Ionic head (hydrophilic)
attached to 3rd carbon of
the glycerol
 amphiphilic (amphipathic)
o head region – phosphate
group (hydrophilic)
 Kriszel Joy S. Maderia
SN NOTES

 Filled with drug to deliver inside

the body for treatment of cancer
and other diseases.
Cleansing Action of Detergents

Sphingolipid
 Sphingosine backbone instead of
glycerol
 Sphingophospholipid and
glycolipids
o Brain cells
o Nerve cells
o Myelin sheath cells
 It dissolve lipophilic materials (dirt
(nerves protection)
or greasy stain) on cloths.
 In sphingophospholipids, a
 It reduces the surface tension of
choline is attached to the
water cloth is wetted thoroughly.
sphingosine backbone via a
 Hydrophobic parts of detergent
phosphate group along with the
are soluble in grease.
fatty acid chain.
 Hydrophilic parts of detergent are
 In glycolipids, carbohydrates
soluble in water.
attached directly to sphingosine
 Scrubbing helps to pull the
backbone along with fatty acid.
grease away from the cloth and
the grease is broken into smaller Waxes
droplets.
 Repulsion between the droplets  esters
causes the droplets to be o Chemical compound
suspended in water, forming an derived from an acid
emulsion. (organic or inorganic) in
 The droplets do not coagulate or which at least one –OH
redeposit on the cloth and (hydroxyl) group is
washes away when rinse. replaced by an –O–alkyl
(alkoxy) group.
o not easy to hydrolysed
Liposomes Steroids
 Tiny vesicles made mostly of  Fused ring structure
phospholipid.  Nonsafonifiable - not held
Vehicle for administration of nutrients together by ester linkages
and pharmaceutical drugs.  Sterols-composed of steroids and
alcohol); cholesterol
 Kriszel Joy S. Maderia
SN NOTES

 Helps in cervical Effacement and

Dilatation.
Cholesterol
 Four rings with a double bond in
one of the rings and a hydroxyl
(OH) group at the sterol-defining
Process:
position.
 It provides a rigid hydrophobic Platelets
structure helps in the rigidity of
the cell membrane
Types of Cholesterol Thromboxane A2 Activates Platelets
to initiate clotting
1. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-
Good cholesterol
2. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)- Prostacyclin Reduces clotting that
Bad cholesterol are no longer needed
Bile Salt
 Are a primary component of bile Aspirin Decreases Blood Clotting
and are needed by the body to
help break down fats, aid
digestion, absorb important Prevent Heart Attack and Stroke
vitamins, and eliminate toxins.
Bile salts are stored in your
gallbladder when they're not
being used. If your gallbladder is
removed, it can lead to a bile salt
deficiency.
Sex Hormones
 A hormone, such as estrogen or
testosterone, affecting sexual
development or reproduction.
Prostaglandins
 It plays a key role in the
generation of the inflammatory
response.
 Made at sites of tissue damage
or infection where they cause
inflammation, pain, and fever as
part of the healing process.