L I P I D S Proteins
B I O C H E M I S T R Y
O F
T R A N S P O R T
LECTURE
BIOLOGICAL LIPIDS
● Insoluble in water
Passive Function of Lipids
● Fats and Oils: stored
forms or energy
● Phospholipids and
Sterols: structural
Active Function of Lipids
● Enzyme co factors(co
means there are two
molecules that interact
with one another)
● Electron carriers
Most common is Adenosine
Triphosphate
● Pigments
● Chaperones: assist in
protein folding
● Emulsifying agent
● Hormones
● Intracellular messengers
Saturated Fatty Acids - Solid
at room temperature, no
double bond
Unsaturated Fatty Acids -
Liquid at room temperature,
there is at least one double
bond
Other three macromolecules
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids and Water will never
meet because water is polar
and lipids are nonpolar
Protein Structure
Primary - It is just a chain
of amino acids
Secondary - It is folded
chain or helix
Tertiary - Great torsion
Quaternary - Different
proteins that are folded that
interact with one another
NOMENCLATURE OF LIPIDS
Nomenclature - how we name
lipids
L e g e n d
carbon:double bond
△ position of the double bond
Right: Carboxylic side
Left: Omega side
● Carboxylic acids
● Hydrocarbon chains (4-36
carbons) (consist or
hydrogen connected to
carbon)
● S: palmitic acid is
abbreviated 16:0
● US: oleic (octadecenoic)
acid, 18:1 (△9)
● PUS: eicosapentaenoic
acid, 20:5
(△5,8,11,14,17) or
omega-3 fatty acid
A V I L A M. A. M.
PROPERTY OF LIPIDS
Room Temperature 25°C
Saturated Fatty Acids are
12:0 to 24:0 at room
temperature, waxy, are
linear, stable, and can free
rotate around C-C bond
Unsaturated Fatty Acids are
oily liquids, bended,
unstable, cannot rotate
around C-C bond, and has
weaker interaction
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS: ENERGY
In Eukaryotic Cells
● Vertebrates, adipocytes
(fat cells)
● Plants, oils in seed
Triacylglycerols in plants
aid in seed germination
● Lipases, enzyme that
catalyze the hydrolysis
of stored TCG
Fatty acids is the one
consumed by the body

Melting points is due to If lipases can’t break

different degrees of lengths triacylglycerol we can never
get the stored energy from
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS the triacylglycerols
Glycerol is a colorless,
odorless, viscous liquid that TRIACYLGLYCEROLS VS.
is sweet-tasting and POLYSACCHARIDES
non-toxic
● Simplest lipids
Advantage of Advantage of
constructed from fatty Triacylglycerols Polysaccharides
acids to
Triacylglycerols
● Triglycerides, fats or
neutral fats Carbon atoms are Carbohydrates
acids more such as glucose
● Three fatty acids linked reduced than of is readily
to single glycerol those sugars, soluble in water
Simple Triacylglycerols: yields twice as
much energy
Tripalmitin (16:0)
Tristearin (18:0) Triacylglycerol
Triolein (18:1) is hydrophobic.
The organism
does not have to
Ester Bond connects the carry extra
weight of water
glycerol to fatty acids

Sources of Energy
Triacylglycerol - lipids,
have to be broken down to
fatty acids for absorption

A V I L A M. A. M.
Polysaccharides - sugar, have They are not phospholipid in
to be broken down to glucose layer
for absorption
● Bilipid membrane
If can’t be broken down into ● Hydrophobic interact
simpler molecules you can’t with one another
get the energy ● Hydrophilic interact
with water
LIPIDS AS CELL MEMBRANE Five general types of
Functions of the Cytoplasmic membrane lipids
Membrane 1. Glycerophospholipids
Cell membrane - regulates the 2. Galactolipids
transport of materials 3. Sulfolipids
entering and exiting the cell 4. Archeal Tetraether
1. Permeability barrier Lipids
e.g. aquaporins - water 5. Sphingolipids
transport system
Semi-permeable
1. Anchor for many proteins Ester Bond
2. Energy conservation:
proton motive force
(transport, motility, Phosphodiester
and biosynthesis of Bond
Adenosine Triphosphate Glycosidic Bond
Ether Bond

Proteins: anchored in the

lipid membrane, functions as
a gate or support

STRUCTURAL LIPIDS IN MEMBRANE

Membrane lipids are
amphipathic (both contain the Membrane Bound Organelles in
hydrophobic and hydrophilic) the Cell
Polar head interact in the Golgi Apparatus
outside, inside, or in the Nucleus
cytosol of the cell and Endoplasmic Reticulum
nonpolar tail interacts in Mitochondria
between the membrane Chloroplasts (in Plants Cell)

A V I L A M. A. M.
Bonds that connect the GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS WITH
backbone to the phosphate ETHERS
group:
Phosphodiester Bond

PO4: Phosphodiester Bond

Charride: Glycosidic Bond,
two ester bond
Ether: Four ester bond

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR
Potent Molecular Signal
Vertebrate heart tissue
Halophilic bacteria
Ciliated protist
Invertebrates

GALACTOLIPIDS AND SULFOLIPIDS

● Also called
phosphoglycerides
● Membranes are lipids
with two fatty acids
attached by ester bond
to C-1 and C-2 of
glycerol
● Phosphodiester Bond in Galactolipids found in plant
C-3 cells
● Cardiolipin, found in ● Glycosidic bonds in C-3
most bacterial membrane ● In thylakoid membranes
● In eukaryotes, inner of chloroplasts
mitochondrial membrane ● 70% to 80% of the total
membrane lipids in

A V I L A M. A. M.
 vascular plants, most Ether bonds, much more stable
abundant in biosphere to hydrolysis at low pH and
● Phosphate free high temperature
Sulfolipids
● Sulfonated glucose Archaeal lipids are twice the
residue is joined to a length of phospholipids and
diacylglycerol in sphingolipids
glycosidic linkage
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Archaeal Ether Lipids
Archaea - organisms that
survives extreme environment,
they lack cell nuclei
therefore they are
prokaryotes, single-celled

Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol

Tetraethers (GDGTs)

Archaea, unicellular
prokaryotes that live in
extreme environments

A V I L A M. A. M.
Like glycerophospholipids and
galactolipids but they
contain no glycerol but
sphingosine

Sphingosine, analogous to
C-1, C-2, C-3 glycerol in
glycerophospholipids

Ceramide: fatty acid linked

to C-2 on NH2

Johann Thudichum

● Sphingomyelins: in
plasma membrane of
animal cells
- In myelin, sheath
surrounding and
insulates the axons of
some neurons
● Glycosphingolipids:
occur in outer surface
of plasma membrane
- Connected to sugars, no
phosphate group
- Cerebroside, one sugar
is linked to ceramide
(Gal, plasma membrane of
non neural tissue
- Globosides, with two or
Glycosphingolipids as
more sugar
determinants of blood groups.
● Gangliosides: the most
The human blood groups (O, A,
complex sphingolipids, B) are determined in part by
have oligosaccharides the oligosaccharide head
groups of these
glycosphingolipids. The same
three oligosaccharides are
also found attached to
certain blood proteins of

A V I L A M. A. M.
individuals of blood types O,
A, and B, respectively
● Aid in the first cell
● Flexible and
self-repairing
● Selectively permeable
● Not just as passive
barriers (w/ protein,
carbohydrates)
● Fluid mosaic model
● 5-8 nm or 50-80 Å (with
proteins

COMPOSITION AND ARCHITECTURE

OF MEMBRANES

Tay-Sachs Disease:
progressive developmental
retardation, paralysis,
blindness, and death
Niemann-pick Disease:causes
mental retardation and early
death

Defects in one of the enzyme

accumulate in tissues (brain,
spleen, and liver)

COMPOSITION AND ARCHITECTURE

OF MEMBRANE ● 3 nm or 30 Å

A V I L A M. A. M.
Compositional changes - Reversible in membrane
accompanying membrane (can be in membrane and
trafficking. (a) The path of in the cytosol)
lipids and proteins during
membrane trafficking from the MEMBRANE PROTEINS
sire of their synthesis (ER)
through the Golgi Apparatus
to the cell surface (or to
organelles such as
lysosomes). Small vesicles
bud off to the ER, move to
and duse with the cis Golgi,
exit the trans Golgi as
secretory or transport
vesicles, and fuse with the
plasma membrane of with
MOTION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN
endosomes, which give rise to
BILAYER
lysosomes. (b) During
trafficking, both the lipid
composition and the bilayer
and the disposition of
specific lipids between inner
and outer leaflets change
remarkably.

MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Integral Membrane Proteins
- Are embedded within the
lipid bilayer
- Monotopic, interacting
with one leaflet of the
bilayer
- Polytopic, traverse the
membrane once or several
time
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
- Interact with the
surface only (not in Flippases
hydrophobic side) - Catalyze translocation
Amphitropic Proteins of the

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 aminophospholipids
phosphatidylethanolamine
Floppases
- Move plasma membrane
phospholipids and
sterols from the
systolic to the
extracellular leaflet
Scramblases
- Are proteins that move
any membrane
phospholipids across the
bilayer down its
concentration gradient

MEMBRANE FUSION
SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS
MEMBRANES
Simple Diffusion
- Solute moves from the
region of higher
concentration, through
the membrane

Passive Transporter
- Simply facilitate
movement down a
concentration gradient,
increasing the transport
rate
SOLUTE TRANSPORT ACROSS - Passive transport or
MEMBRANES facilitated diffusion

Active Transporters

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 - Can move substrates down the electrochemical
across a membrane gradient
against a concentration (b) Never open at the same
gradient or an time, substrate CAN move
electrical potential against its
(derived directly from concentration gradient
the breakdown of ATP)
1. Primary Active THREE GENERAL CLASSES OF
Transporters use energy TRANSPORT SYSTEM
provided directly by a
chemical reaction
2. Secondary Active
Transporters couple
uphill transport of one
substrate with downhill
transport of another
Ion Channels
- Speed the passage of
inorganic ions across
membranes by a mechanism TWO TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
different from
transporters

DIFFERENCE OF ION AND

TRANSPORTER

GLUCOSE TRANSPORT - PASSIVE

(a) Is either open or

closed, channels simply GLUCOSE TRANSPORT IN
allow the ion to flow INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

A V I L A M. A. M.
 mitochondria and
chloroplasts

ATP SYNTHESIS IN MEMBRANES

F-type ATPases
- Bacteria
- Archaea A0A1

V1 = multiprotein cytoplasmic
complex, carries out the
chemical functions (ATP
Synthesis)
V0 = carries out the
ion-translocating function

BIOFILMS
Assemblages of bacterial
V-type ATPases
cells attached to a surface
- Fungi, plants
and enclosed in an adhesive
- Acidification of
matrix secreted by the cells
lysozymes, endosomes,
● Polysaccharide,
golgi complex and
proteins, nucleic acids
secretory vesicles in
animals ● Several porous layers
- ATP synthases are ● Rocks, catheters, tooth,
central to ATP animal/ plant tissues,
production in pipelines

A V I L A M. A. M.
 ● Tolerance to antibiotics
● Cell attachment (pili,
flagella, cell surface
proteins)
Ex. Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Signal to Why produce Biofilms?
biofilm-specific genes ● Microbial self-defense
● Planktonic cells loses (survival)
its flagella and becomes resist phagocytosis
motile ● Allows cell to remain in
Cyclic dimeric guanosine a favorable niche
monophosphate (c-di-GMP) attach to nutrient-rich
surfaces (tissues)
● Allow bacterial cells to
live in close
association with each
other
Examples of biofilm-related
Facilitates cell-to-cell
infections
communication (↑
Developing on tissues in the
survival)
body:
Genetic exchange
● Chronic Otitis
● Biofilms seem to be the
● Dental Plaque
typical way bacterial
● Lung infection in cells grow in nature
patient with cystic
fibrosis CELL JUNCTIONS
● Wound Infection Tissues that are linked to
Developing on implanted one another and to the
material: extracellular matrix at
● Contact Lenses specialized contact sites
● Venous Catheter 1. Three functional
● Breast Implant groupings: Occluding
● Joint Prosthesis junctions seal cells
● Urinary Catheter together in an
● Pacemaker epithelium in a way that
prevents even small
molecules from leaking
from one side of the
sheet to the other.

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 ● Tight junctions
● Septate junctions
2. Anchoring junctions
mechanically attach
cells to their neighbors
or to the extracellular
matrix.
● Adherens junctions
● Focal adhesions
● Desmosomes
● Hemidesmosomes
3. Communicating junctions
mediate the passage of
chemical or electrical
signals from one
interacting cell to its
partner.
● Gap junctions
● Chemical synapses
● Plasmodesmata
Occluding Junctions (Tight
Junctions)
Epithelial tissues that line
the organs and cavities and
most skin
Functions
● Barriers to the
diffusion of some
membrane proteins (and
lipids) between apical
and basolateral domains
of the plasma membrane
● Seal neighboring cells
Anchoring Junctions
Anchoring junctions join
cytoskeletal filaments from
cell to cell and from cells
to the extracellular matrix
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 Communicating Junction (Gap
Junction)

Gap junctions are channels

● Heart, muscles and between adjacent cells that
epidermis allow for the transport of
ions, nutrients, and other
● Intracellular anchor
substances that enable cells
proteins
to communicate
● Transmembrane adhesion
proteins
● Gap-junction channels do
Desmosomes
not remain continuously
open
● Highly regulated
● Tissues containing
electrically excitable
cells, nerve cells
● In the liver, the
release of noradrenaline
● Neurotransmitter
dopamine, in retina

Desmosomes act like spot

welds between adjacent
epithelial cells
Cadherins are short proteins
in the plasma membrane that
connects to intermediate
filaments

A V I L A M. A. M.
Communicating Junction
(Plasmodesmata)

● Plasmodesmata are the

only intercellular
junctions in plants.
● Can sometimes transport
informational
macromolecules, in
general, they function
like gap junctions.

A V I L A M. A. M.
B I O C H E M I S T R Y
Diffusion – Passive Transport
O F
T R A N S P O R T
LABORATORY
KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

Cell membrane
✓ Semi-permeable
✓ Polar head (hydrophilic)
✓ Non-polar tails
(hydrophobic)
✓ Facilitate in and out of
solutes
Boltzmann Constant
● Austrian physicist Passive Transport
Ludwig Boltzmann A. Diffusion
● Boltzmann constant (kB ) ● Particles migrate from
relates temperature to areas of higher
energy. concentration to areas
● kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/ of lower concentration
molecule K (joule per ● Occurs because of
kelvin) kinetic energy of random
The Nernst Equation motion
● Rate depends on mass and
temperature of molecule
● Lighter and warmer
molecule moves faster

Diffusion is the main

Determine the equilibrium
potential (reversal
potential) of an ion species
that is permeant through
specific membrane pathways
(channels)
mechanism for the delivery of
oxygen and nutrients into
cells and for the elimination
of waste products from cells
Diffusion coefficient (d.c.)
– is a measure of how long it

A V I L A M. A. M.
would take molecules to
travel a distance through gas
or fluid

Larger d.c. = faster

molecules will diffuse

Fick’s Law of Diffusion in

Lungs

Membrane Surface Area

Diffusing capacity is - Emphysema: Destruction
dependent on: of the alveolar
● Membrane Area architecture, bullae.
● Tissue thickness
● Solubility of gas
● Molecular weight of gas

Membrane Thickness
- Pulmonary Edema: Fluid
in the interstitial
space
- Pulmonary Fibrosis: Dialysis is the process of
Thickening of the removing excess water,
alveolar membrane solutes, and toxins from the
blood in people whose kidneys
can no longer perform these
functions naturally

Dialysis works on the

principles of the diffusion

A V I L A M. A. M.
of solutes and
ultrafiltration of fluid
across a semi-permeable
membrane
In laboratory:
- Dialysis technique can
also be used to separate
molecules based on their
size
- Can be used to purify
proteins of interest
from a complex mixture
by removing smaller
proteins and molecules
B. Osmosis
● Involves a solvent
moving through a
selectively permeable or
semipermeable membrane
from an area of higher
concentration to an area
of lower concentration
● Affected by the
concentration of solute
A hypertonic solution has
more solute and lower water
potential than inside the
cell
An isotonic solution has the
same concentration of solute
and solvent as found inside a
cell
A hypotonic solution has less
solute and higher water
potential than inside the
cell
Serum Osmolality
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 - Determines the movement
of fluids and
electrolytes across
membranes
- The normal serum
osmolality is 285–295
Isotonic Dehydration
- A condition in which
both water and sodium
are lost proportionally
and the serum sodium
concentration maintains
normal serum osmolality
Hypertonic Dehydration
- Occurs when water
excretion from the body
exceeds that of sodium
excretion
- Resulting in increased
sodium concentration in
the extracellular fluid
(hypernatremia).
- Blood osmolality is
increased, causing water
to shift from the
intracellular to the Active Transport
extracellular space - Against normal gradient
Hypotonic Dehydration concentration
- Occurs when sodium loss - Lower to higher
is greater than water concentration
loss, resulting in a - With use of ATP
decrease in serum - Endocytosis
osmolality (Phagocytosis,
- This causes a shift of pinocytosis, receptor
water from the mediated endocytosis)
extracellular space into - Exocytosis
the intracellular space
- The cells swell and Diffusion in Contact Lenses
cerebral edema may occur

Diffusion - Active Transport

A V I L A M. A. M.
 Factors increasing Brownian
Movement:
a. Increased temperature
b. Increased number of
particles
c. Small particle size
d. Low viscosity

● Cornea which is the Examples include:

transparent surface a. The motion of pollen
layer of the eye, no grains on still water
blood vessels for O2 b. Movement of dust motes
circulation in a room (although
largely affected by air
● Receive O2 thru currents)
diffusion from layer c. Diffusion of pollutants
surface of tear fluid in the air
d. Diffusion of calcium
through bones
● Blinking rocks the lens
e. Movement of "holes" of
slightly, brings O2
electrical charge in
semiconductors
Brownian Movement
Brownian motion “pedesis”,
The Respiratory System –
the random movement of
Surfactants of Breathing
particles in a fluid due to
their collisions with other
atoms or molecules

Alveoli Type I Cell

- Simple squamous cell,
thin, perfect for gas
exchange

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Alveoli Type II Cell
- Cuboidal cell, produce
surfactant molecule
(less surface tension)

Infant Respiratory Distress

Syndrome
- Premature babies fail to
produce surfactants
required for breathing
- Use ventilator
- Inject pulmonary
surfactants

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