MC_102_*: BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE

LECTURE #2: LIPIDS Biochemistry of Transport

PROFESSOR: Mr. Emerson Cruz
1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2022-2023

NOTES OUTLINE:
I. Biological Lipids
II. Nomenclature of Lipids
III. Triacylglycerols ● Insoluble in water
IV. Triacylglycerols vs. Polysaccharides ● Fats and oils: stored forms of energy
V. Lipids as Cell membrane
VI. Structural Lipids in Membrane ● Phospholipids and sterols: structural
VII. Five General Types of membrane lipids ● Enzyme cofactors
VIII. Sphingolipids ● Electron carriers
IX. Sphingolipids in blood types ● Pigments
X. Composition and Architecture of
Membranes ● Chaperones
XI. Membrane Proteins ● Emulsifying agent
XII. Motion of Phospholipids in Bilayer ● Hormones
XIII. Solute Transport Across Membranes ● Intracellular messengers
XIV. ATP Synthesis in Membranes

OBJECTIVES
● identify the role of different lipid families
in the biological system;

● demonstrate how biological membranes ● Carboxylic acids

are involved in transport of different
molecules; ● Hydrocarbon chains (4-36
carbons)
● explain how the biological system utilizes
different parts of the membrane for ● S: palmitic acid is abbreviated
communication and protection 16:0
● US: oleic (octadecenoic) acid,
18:1 (Δ9)
● PUS:eicosapentaenoic acid,
20:5(Δ5,8,11,14,17) or
omega-3 fatty acid
❑ SFA 12:0 to 24:0 at room
temperature: waxy
▪ SFA can free rotate around C-C bond
❑ UFA: oily liquids
▪ UFA has weaker interaction
❑ Melting points is due to different
degrees of lengths
❑do not form wax at room temp due to
the number of doubles bonds it contain

In eukaryotic cells

● Simplest lipids constructed from

fatty acids ● Vertebrates, adipocytes
● Triglycerides, fats or neutral fats ● Plants, oils in seed
● Three fatty acids linked to single ● Lipases, enzyme that catalyze
glycerol the hydrolysis of stored TCG

Simple triacylglycerols:
● Tripalmitin (16:0)
● Tristearin (18:0)
● Triolein (18:1)

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 2
 2. Anchor for many proteins

● Biological waxes esters of long-chain

(C14 to C36)
● Saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids with long chain (C16 to C30)
alcohols

3. Energy conservation –proton

motive force (transport, motility
and biosynthesis of ATP)

● Bilipid membrane
Functions of the Cytoplasmic ● Hydrophobic interact with one
Membrane another
● Hydrophilic interact with water
1. Permeability barrier
ex. aquaporins – water transport system

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 3
 ● In eukaryotes, inner mitochondrial
membrane
1. Glycerophospholipids
2. Galactolipids
3. Sulfolipids
4. Archaeal tetraether lipids
5. Spingolipids

Galactolipids, found in plant cells

● Glycosidic bonds in C-3
● In thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts
● 70% to 80% of the total
membrane lipids in vascular
plants, most abundant in
biosphere
● Phosphate free
Sulfolipids
● sulfonated glucose residue is
joined to a diacylglycerol in
glycosidic linkage

● Also called phosphoglycerides

● Membrane lipids with two fatty
acids attached by ester bond to C-1
and C-2 of glycerol
● Phosphodiester bond in C-3

● Cardiolipin, found in most bacterial

membrane

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 ● in plasma membrane of animal
cells
● In myelin, sheath surrounding
and insulates the axons of some
● Archaea, unicellular prokaryotes that neurons
live in extreme environments
● Ether bonds, much more stable to
hydrolysis at low pH and high occur in outer face of plasma
temperature membranes
● Archaeal lipids are twice the length
of phospholipids and sphingolipids ● Connected to sugars, no
● archaeal do not contain fatty acid phosphate group
but instead diphytanyl ● Cerebrosides, one sugar linked
● most complex lipids to ceramide (gal, plasma
membrane of non neural tissue
● Globosides, with two or more
sugars

the most complex sphingolipids,

have oligosaccharides
● Like glycerophospholipids and
galactolipids but they contain no
glycerol but sphingosine
● Sphingosine, analogous to C-1, C-2,
C-3 glycerol in glycerophospholipids ▪

● Ceramide: fatty acid linked to C-2 on

NH2
● Johann Thudichum

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 5
 progressive developmental
retardation, paralysis, blindness
and death
● Glycosphingolipids as determinants of
blood groups. The human blood groups
(O, A, B) are determined in part by the
causes mental retardation and
oligosaccharide head groups of these
early death, Defects in one of the
glycosphingolipids.
enzymes accumulate in tissues (brain,
● The same three oligosaccharides are
spleen and liver)
also found attached to certain blood
proteins of individuals of blood types O,
A, and B, respectively

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 6
 ● The fatty acyl chains in the
interior of the membrane form
a fluid, hydrophobic region.
● Integral proteins float in this
sea of lipids, held by
hydrophobic interactions with
their nonpolar amino acid side
chains.
● Both proteins and lipids are
free to move laterally in the
plane of the bilayer, but
movement of either from one
leaflet of the bilayer to the
● aid the first cell
other is restricted.
● flexible has a jelly like consistency and
self-repairing ● The carbohydrate moieties
● selectively permeable attached to some proteins and
● not just as passive barriers (w/ protein, lipids of the plasma membrane
carbohydrates) are exposed on the
● Fluid mosaic model extracellular surface.
● 5-8 nm or 50-80 Å (with protein)

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 7
● (A) In micelles. The hydrophobic
chains of the fatty acids are
sequestered at the core of the sphere.
There is virtually no water in the
hydrophobic interior.

● (B) In an open bilayer, all acyl side

chains except those at the edges of
the sheet are protected from
interaction with water,
● (C) When a two-dimensional bilayer
folds on itself, it forms a closed
bilayer, a three-dimensional hollow
vesicle (liposome) enclosing an
aqueous cavity

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 8
 Composition changes accompanying
membrane trafficking.
(a) The path of lipids and proteins
during membrane trafficking
from the site of their synthesis
(ER) through the Golgi
apparatus to the cell surface
(or to organelles such as
lysosomes). Small vesicles
bud off the ER, move to and
fuse with the cis Golgi, exit the
trans Golgi as secretory or
transport vesicles, and fuse
with the plasma membrane or
with endosomes, which give
rise to lysosomes.

(b) During trafficking, both the lipid

composition of the bilayer and the
disposition of specific lipids
between inner and outer leaflets
change remarkably

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 9
 ● Interact with the surface only (not
in hydrophobic side)
● are embedded within the lipid
bilayer
● Monotopic, interacting with one ● Reversible in membrane (can be
leaflet of the bilayer in membrane and in the cytosol)
● Polytopic, traverses the
membrane once or several time

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 10
● catalyze translocation of the
aminophospholipids
phosphatidylethanolamine and
phosphatidylserine from the extracellular
to the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma
membrane

● move plasma membrane phospholipids

and sterols from the cytosolic to the
extracellular leaflet

● are proteins that move any membrane

phospholipid across the bilayer down its
concentration gradient

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 11
 ● simply facilitate movement down a
concentration gradient, increasing
the transport rate
● passive transport or facilitated
diffusion

● can move substrates across a

membrane against a concentration
gradient or an electrical potential
● (derived directly from the breakdown
of ATP)

1. Primary active transporters use

energy provided directly by a
chemical reaction
2. Secondary active transporters
● solute moves from the region of couple uphill transport of one
higher concentration, through the substrate with downhill transport of
membrane another.

● speed the passage of inorganic

ions across membranes by a
mechanism different from
transporters

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● is either open or closed, channels simply
allow the ion to flow down the
electrochemical gradient
● never open at the same time, substrate
CAN move against its concentration
gradient

Transporters differ in the number of

solutes (substrates) transported and
the direction in which each solute
moves.
Examples of all three types of
transporter are discussed in the text.
Note that this classification tells us
nothing about whether these are
energy-requiring (active transport) or
energy-independent (passive
transport) processes.

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 ● Fungi, plants
● Acidification of
lysozymes,endosomes, golgi
complex ans secretory vesicles
in animals
● ATP synthases are central to
ATP production in mitochondria
and chloroplasts

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- Bacteria
- Archaea A0A1

V1 = multiprotein cytoplasmic complex,

carries out the chemical function (ATP
synthesis)
V0 = carries out the ion translocating
function

ACUNA R., AGULTO A., ANDRES J., BALINGBING R., BANAL A., CEBALLOS C., CHANGAT D., CORNILLEZ J. | 1NU02 15