Drugs and The Neuroscience of Behavior An Introduction To Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition Prus Test Bank Download

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Instructor Resource
Prus, Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology
SAGE Publishing, 2017
Chapter 8: Alcohol
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Beverage alcohol is:

a. ethanol.
b. methanol.
c. isopranol.
d. ethylene.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Alcohol: The Most Commonly Used Depressant Substance
Learning Objective: Alcohol: The Most Commonly Used Depressant
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. While not the form of alcohol used as a beverage, why might someone unintentionally be
exposed methanol?
a. Alcoholic beverage producers are not required to test for methanol, which may be accidentally
synthesized during the production process.
b. Methanol is known to contaminate drinking water.
c. He drank poorly distilled alcohol, which contained amounts of methanol.
d. He was having a massage and rubbing alcohol was used.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. The smallest amount of alcohol consumed in the world is found which region?
a. North America.
Instructor Resource
b. Europe.
c. Russian Federation.
d. the Middle East.
Ans: D
4. If 25 g of alcohol were found in a 100ml solution, what percentage of alcohol would the
percentage have?
a. 25%
b. 12.5%
c. 0.25%
d. 2500%
Ans: A
Answer Location: Alcohol Production Through Fermentation and Distillation
Cognitive Domain: Application
5. If a 100ml solution contained 50% alcohol, how many grams of alcohol are found in the
solution?
a. 5000 g
b. 500 g
c. 0.5 g
d. 50 g
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
6. If a 100ml solution contained 50% alcohol, what is the proof of the solution?
a. 100 proof
b. 50 proof
c. 25 proof
d. Cannot be determined from the information provided.
Ans: A
7. A value that represents twice the percentage of alcohol in a drink is called:

a. percentage alcohol.
b. alcohol by volume.
c. proof of alcohol.
d. concentration of alcohol.
Ans: C
8. If an alcoholic drink were shown to be 80 proof, what is the percentage of alcohol?

a. 80%
b. 40%
c. 160%
d. 120%
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Learning Objective: Application

9. Given that limits of alcohol production through fermentation, an alcohol drink with 50%
alcohol must have been produced through:
a. increasing the volume of water adding to the fermentation process.
b. using a fortified yeast to increase the production of alcohol.
c. using a distillation process to concentrate alcohol produced from fermentation.
d. adding fresh yeast to continue the production of alcohol.
Ans: C
10. The process of producing alcohol using yeast and some type of starch such as grain or fruit is
called:
a. fermentation.
b. distillation.
c. alcohol by volume.
d. biotransformation.
Ans: A
11. Beer and wine are made through the process of:
a. titration.
b. distillation.
Instructor Resource
c. perculation.
d. fermentation.
Ans: D
12. An alcoholic beverage, usually with 12–15 percent alcohol content, made through
fermentation of fruit is called:
a. wine.
b. beer.
c. malt liquor.
d. brandy.
Ans: A
13. A brewed tea that contains alcohol is called:

a. kumbucha.
b. malt liquor.
c. beer.
d. wine.
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
14. A process that separates alcohol from a fermented mixture in order to provide a concentrated
alcohol solution is called:
a. fermentation.
b. osmosis.
c. filtration.
d. distillation.
Ans: D
15. If you were told that full standard shot glass (1 ½ ounce) contained one standard drink, you
would conclude:
a. there is not enough information to answer this question.
b. the drink has approximately 25% alcohol.
c. the drink has approximately 100% alcohol.
d. the drink has approximately 50% alcohol.
Ans: D
Difficulty Level: Hard
16. Distillation provides a means of:

a. making alcohol up to a 15 percent concentration.
b. making alcohol without using yeast at any stage of the process.
c. bypassing a fermentation process completely.
d. going beyond the limits of alcohol production from fermenting.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource

17. About one pint of a 16 oz U.S. domestic beer is equivalent to:

a. 100 proof.
b. 15% alcohol.
c. a standard drink.
d. 50g of alcohol in 100 ml solution.
Ans: C
18. The National Prohibition Act became the:

a. 18th Amendment.
b. Controlled Substances Act.
c. basis for the Harrison Narcotics Act.
d. 21st Amendment.
Ans: C
Answer Location: The History of Alcohol Consumption
19. The 18th Amendment:

a. banned the sale and distribution of alcohol.
b. banned possession of alcohol.
c. created a tax making alcohol cost prohibitive to purchase.
d. eliminated the ban on the production of alcohol.
Instructor Resource
Ans: A
20. The 21st Amendment:

a. became the Controlled Substance Act.
b. repealed the 18th Amendment.
c. banned the distribution and sale of alcohol.
d. allowed for the use of alcohol for medical purposes.
Ans: B
21. Why might a heavy alcohol user become thiamine deficient?

a. Alcohol is a catabolic enzyme for thiamine.
b. Alcohol inhibits the transportation of thiamine through intestinal walls.
c. Alcohol damages the intestine limiting absorption of a wide variety of nutrients, including
thiamine.
d. Heavy alcohol users prefer sugary foods that are low in thiamine.
Ans: B
Answer Location: Pharmacokinetic Factors and Alcohol’s Effects
Learning Objective: Alcohol Production Through Fermentation and Distillation
22. If someone blew a BAC of 0.08, how many grams of alcohol would be found in 100 ml of
blood?
Instructor Resource
a. 80 mg
b. 8 g
c. 80 g
d. 0.8 g
Ans: A
23. Blood alcohol concentration indicates the:

a. number of grams of alcohol per 100 mL of blood.
b. proof of an alcoholic beverage consumed.
c. percentage of alcohol consumed per unit of time.
d. amount of alcohol that has accumulated in a particular organ, such as the liver.
Ans: A
24. Alcohol is mostly catabolized by the enzyme:

a. aldehyde dehydrogenase.
b. acetaldehyde.
c. dopamine-beta-dehydroxylase.
d. alcohol dehydrogenase.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
25. Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase would be expected to cause an increased amount of:
a. alcohol.
b. acetaldehyde.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. acetic acid.
Ans: B
26. Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase would be expected to:

a. cause a build up of acetaldehyde.
b. prolong the effects of alcohol.
c. increase the rate of alcohol elimination.
d. inhibit alcohol absorption.
Ans: B
27. The order of products produced during the metabolic process for alcohol consists of:
a. acetic acid, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide.
b. acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, acetic acid.
c. acetaldehyde, acetate, water.
d. acetate, acetaldehyde, aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Ans: C
Instructor Resource

28. Which of the following blood alcohol concentrations is most likely from consuming a single
drink?
a. 1.0
b. 0.08
c. 0.01
d. 0.8
Ans: C
29. A genetic polymorphism that more causes lower activity of aldehyde dehyrdogenase are
likely to:
a. also have inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes.
b. have longer effects produced by alcohol.
c. experience greater effects from acetaldehyde.
d. be more affected by acetic acid.
Ans: C
30. Why might someone experience weaker effects from alcohol with a full stomach?
a. People consume less alcohol on a full stomach than on an empty stomach.
b. Alcohol soaks into food in the stomach, preventing alcohol absorption.
c. There is longer exposure to alcohol dehydregenase enzymes.
Instructor Resource
d. Thiamine in food prevents the transportation of alcohol through intestinal walls.

Ans: C
31. During what circumstances might alcohol be eliminated in half-lives?

a. When alcohol is consumed on a light stomach.
b. When alcohol is consumed on a full stomach.
c. Ligh consumption of alcohol.
d. Heavy consumption of alcohol.
Ans: D
32. Why does a breathalyzer accurately measure alcohol concentration in blood?

a. Due to zero-order kinetics, but only for light or moderate alcohol use.
b. Exactly 5% of alcohol is eliminated from the lungs and the ratio to blood is known.
c. The exact concentration of alcohol needed to saturate alcohol dehydronase enzymes is known.
d. Alcohol users typically smoke tobacco while drinking, and the nicotine elimination rate is
known.
Ans: B
33. How much alcohol is eliminated from the body per hour?
Instructor Resource
a. 100 to 140 ml
b. 0 to 4 mL
c. 10 to 14 mL
d. 1.4 to 2.8 mL
Ans: C
34. Alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes are found in the:

a. stomach and brain.
b. liver and stomach.
c. kidneys and liver.
d. brain and liver.
Ans: B
35. Based on pharmacokinetic issues, women may be more affected by alcohol due to:
a. slower buildup of acetic acid.
b. fewer aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes.
c. fewer alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the brain.
d. less alcohol catabolism occurring in the stomach.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
36. Metabolic processes following the consumption of alcohol that cause a build of acetaldehyde
are likely to:
a. enhance the effects of alcohol.
b. produce depressant effects.
c. cause noxious affects.
d. inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Ans: C
37. Alcohol binds to:

a. GABAA receptors.
b. GABAB receptors
c. GABAC receptors
d. metabotropic GABA receptors.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Alcohol and GABAA Receptors
Learning Objective: The History of Alcohol Consumption
38. If alcohol is administered near a neuron with GABAA receptors:

a. alcohol will cause a down regulation GABAA receptors.
b. the activity of the neuron will be increased.
c. alcohol will have no effect on the neuron.
d. the activity of the neuron will be reduced.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource

39. Alcohol acts as a ________________ for GABAA receptors.

a. positive modulator
b. agonist
c. antagonist
d. negative modulator
Ans: A
40. The following structures are highly related to alcohol’s central nervous system depressant
effects except:
a. corpus callosum
b. thalamus.
c. hippocampus.
d. cerebral cortex.
Ans: A
41. By serving as a positive modulator for GABAA receptors, alcohol has all of the following
actions except:
a. Binds to a site different from the site that GABA binds to.
b. Increases the length of GABAA receptor activation.
Instructor Resource
c. Increase the flow of chloride ions into the neuron.

d. Prevents downregulation of GABAA receptors.
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
42. All of the following occur for GABA neurons from chronic alcohol administration except:
a. the density of GABAA receptors is reduced.
b. GABAA receptors become less affected by alcohol.
c. dopamine becomes more effective for inhibiting GABA neurons.
d. minimal changes in endorphin levels, disinhibiting GABA neuron activity.
Ans: C
43. All of the following actions mediate the reinforcing effects of alcohol except:
a. facilitating GABAA receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens.
b. activating GABAA receptors located on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
c. decreasing inhibition for mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
d. decreasing β-endorphin levels in the nucleus accumbens.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
44. The actions of alcohol on GABA neurons that make contact with dopamine neurons in the
ventral tegemental area could be described as:
a. putting on the brakes and taking off the accelerator.
b. taking off the brake while pressing the accelerator.
c. putting on the brakes and pressing on the accelerator.
d. taking off the brake and taking off the accelerator.
Ans: B
45. Which of the following mechanisms can produce reinforcing effects?

a. Inhibiting dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
b. Blocking GABAA receptors in the ventral tegmental area.
c. Activating GABAA receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
d. Increasing GABA release from neurons terminating in the ventral tegmental area.
Ans: C
46. The actions of alcohol at glutamate NMDA receptors consist of:

a. inhibiting the flow of ions through the NMDA receptor channel.
b. increasing the flow of negatively charged ions while decreasing the flow of positively charged
ions.
c. preventing glutamate from binding to the NMDA receptor.
d. binding to a site within the NMDA receptor channel.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Alcohol and Glutamate Receptors
Instructor Resource

47. Alcohol produces inhibitory effects via NMDA receptors by:

a. preventing glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors.
b. preventing glutamate absorption through transporters in the intestine.
c. serving as a positive modulator of NMDA receptors.
d. reducing excitatory effects from NMDA receptor activation.
Ans: D
48. Alcohol binds noncompetitively to NMDA receptors meaning:

a. glutamate displaces alcohol from NMDA receptors due to glutamate’s stronger binding
affinity.
b. alcohol does not prevent glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors.
c. few alcohol molecules are available for binding to NMDA receptors after alcohol binds to
GABAA receptors.
d. alcohol binds to NMDA receptor but causes no effects.
Ans: B
49. As with GABAA receptors, alcohol binds ______________ to NMDA receptors.

a. weakly
b. noncompetitively
Instructor Resource
c. selectively
d. irreversibly
Ans: B
50. What effect does chronic alcohol administration have on NMDA receptors?
a. NMDA receptors no longer bind to glutamate.
b. Alcohol decreases the flow of ions through NMDA receptors.
c. Alcohol causes an upregulation of NMDA receptors.
d. Alcohol depletes extracellular levels of cations, leading to reduced excitatory effects from
NMDA receptor activation.
Ans: C
51. If chronic alcohol consumption is associated with greater levels of NMDA receptors, what
will likely happen if alcohol use abruptly stops?
a. Greater excitatory effects will occur for neurons with NMDA receptors.
b. Global levels of glutamate will be depleted.
c. The flow of positively charged ions through NMDA receptors will be reduced.
d. Neurons with NMDA receptors will return to a normal state of activity.
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
52. If you were to develop a drug for alcohol addiction by targeting alcohol’s actions on the
glutamate neurotransmitter system, which of the following would be a viable development
strategy?
a. Develop an agonist for NMDA receptors.
b. Develop an antagonist for NMDA receptors.
c. Develop a positive modulator for NMDA receptors.
d. Develop a negative modulator for NMDA receptors.
Ans: C
53. Which calcium channel does alcohol act on?

a. L
b. N
c. P
d. R
Ans: A
Answer Location: Alcohol and Calcium
54. By inhibiting calcium channels, what effect does alcohol have a neurotransmission?
a. Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from vesicles.
b. Prevents excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
c. Prevents neurotransmitter reupake.
d. Inhibits transportation of neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicular transporters.
Ans: A
Instructor Resource

55. By inhibiting SK2 channels, chronic alcohol use:

a. reduces the risk of excitotoxicity if alcohol is withdrawn.
b. leads to decreased excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
c. leads to a down regulation of NMDA receptors.
d. promotes greater NMDA receptor activity if alcohol is withdrawn.
Ans: D
56. If chronic alcohol use diminishes SK2 channel function, how does alcohol produce inhibitory
effects on NMDA receptors?
a. Alcohol continues to inhibit ion flow through NMDA receptors.
b. SK2 channels facilitate NMDA receptor function, which is counteracted by alcohol.
c. Alcohol inhibits Ca+ influx into neurons containing NMDA receptors.
d. Thiamine deficiency reduces neuronal activity through a different mechanism.
Ans: A
57. Alcohol indirect inhibition of vasopressin may lead to the following effects except:
a. increased urination.
b. increased body temperature.
c. impaired cognition.
Instructor Resource
d. lower blood pressure.

Ans: B
58. Alcohol increases serotonin concentrations in the:

a. ventral tegmental area.
b. nucleus accumens.
c. thalamus.
d. cingulate cortex.
Ans: B
Answer Location: Alcohol and Serotonin Receptors
59. The following effects occur by alcohol via the 5-HT3 receptor except:
a. greater serotonin levels leading to activation of 5-HT3 receptors.
b. greater flow of ions through the 5-HT3 receptor channel.
c. increased SK2 channel activation.
d. increased dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens
Ans: C
60. Alcohol may affect the endocannabinoid system by:

a. having direct actions on tetrahydrocannabinol.
Instructor Resource
b. acting on the CB2 cannabinoid receptor.

c. acting on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.
d. limiting tetrahydrocannabinol absorption through the intestines.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Alcohol and the Endocannabinoid System
61. The effects produced by alcohol at different concentations consist of:

a. all concentrations produce stimulant effects.
b. all concentrations produce exclusively depressant effects.
c. lower concentrations produce stimulant effects whereas higher concentrations produce
depressant effects.
d. lower concentrations produce depressant effects whereas higher concentrations produce
stimulant effects.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Pharmacological Effects of Alcohol
Learning Objective: Pharmacokinetic Factors and Alcohol’s Effects
62. Which of the following is considered moderate drinking for men?

a. 1 standard drink per day, but not exceeding 7 drinks per week.
b. up to 6 drinks per day, but no more that 14 drinks per week.
c. more than 2 standard drinks per day and up to 20 drinks per week.
d. 2 standard drinks per day, but not exceeding 14 drinks per week.
Ans: D
Answer Location: Types of Drinking and Number of Drinks Consumed
Instructor Resource
63. Heavy drinking during a short period of time is called:

a. light drinking if this is the only day drinking occurred during the week.
b. 21 for 21.
c. moderate drinking.
d. binge drinking.
Ans: D
64. Heavy drinking during a short period of time that exceeds definition for binge drinking is
called:
a. extreme drinking.
b. tremendous drinking.
c. double binge drinking.
d. perpetual drinking.
Ans: A
65. Beneficial effects for cardiovasular function from alcohol are found from:
a. heavy alcohol concentrations.
b. moderate alcohol concentrations.
c. low alcohol concentrations.
d. moderate alchol concentrations, but no more than three days per week.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Acute Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Functioning
Instructor Resource

66. All of the following are ways that low concentrations of alcohol is helpful for the
cardiovascular system except:
a. increased high-density lipoprotein levels.
b. reduced pro-inflammatory cellular signaling.
c. disrupts blood platelets from bonding together to form clots.
d. inhibition of plasmin, which faclilates blood clot formation.
Ans: D
67. Alcohol is an example of hormesis, which means:

a. a tendency for physiological functions to maintain a certain set point.
b. beneficial effects produced by low doses of a toxic substance.
c. a disruption in hormone regulation.
d. a substance that causes damage to blood vessels.
Ans: B
68. A BAC of 0.16 would be expected to cause:

a. no behavioral effect.
b. gross intoxication.
c. blackout.
Instructor Resource
d. death.
Ans: B
Answer Location: Alcohol’s Depressive Effects on Behavior and Cognitive Functioning
69. An urge to consume more alcohol after consuming one of two drinks is called:
a. hormesis.
b. alcohol craving.
c. alcohol priming.
d. impulsivity.
Ans: C
70. A individual routinely having an alcohol drink in order to relax after work would be an
example of:
a. the stress disinhibition hypothesis.
b. the tension reduction hypothesis.
c. hormesis.
d. the hypotensive hypothesis
Ans: B
Answer Location: Alcohol and Positive Subjective Effects
Instructor Resource
71. A person described as “blasted” or “slammed” after drinking a lot of alcohol is likely
showing signs of:
a. alcohol stupor.
b. light intoxication.
c. blackout.
d. alcohol priming.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Severe Adverse Effects of High BAC
72. The term “blackout” is more technically known as:

a. alcohol stupor.
b. reversible drug-induced dementia.
c. alcohol poisoning.
d. divided attention.
Ans: B
73. Damage to the heart caused by chronic heavy alcohol use is called:
a. alcohol poisoning.
b. alcoholic arrhythmias.
c. alcohol associated cirrhosis.
d. alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource

74. Finding that a person was slurring her voice after several high-alcohol content drinks, but
later appearing to sober up despite having the same concentration of alcohol in both would be an
example of:
a. pharmacokinetic tolerance.
b. blackout.
c. acute tolerance.
d. behavioral tolerance to alcohol.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Alcohol: Tolerance and Sensitization
75. Experiencing greater rewarding effects from alcohol from long-term use is an example of:
a. metabolic tolerance.
b. behavioral tolerance.
c. sensitization.
d. alcohol priming.
Ans: C
76. An increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from chronic alcohol use is called:
a. kindling.
b. alcohol poisoning.
c. Type I alcohol addiction.
Instructor Resource
d. alcohol epilepsy.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Alcohol Addiction and Withdrawal
77. Pharmacological treatments for alcohol addiction attempt to reduce alcohol intake
by any of the following except:
a. preventing absorption of alcohol.
b. producing aversive effects when alcohol is consumed.
c. weakening the reinforcing effects of alcohol.
d. reducing cravings for alcohol.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Treating Alcohol Addiction
78. Disulfiram produces unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed, because it:
a. it creates greater concentrations of acetic acid.
b. it prevents the break down of alcohol.
c. it causes a build up of acetaldehyde.
d. blocks opioid receptors.
Ans: C
79. Which of the following is the most commonly reported symptom of hangover?
Instructor Resource
a. Diarrhea
b. Fatigue
c. Nausea
d. Headache
Ans: D
Answer Location: From Actions to Effects: Hangover
80. Heavy consumption of alcoholic drinks containing high concentrations of acetones and
polyphenols may contribute to:
a. holiday heart syndrome.
b. alcohol poisoning.
c. alcohol stupor.
d. symptoms of hangover.
Ans: D
Answer Location: From Actions to Effects: Hangover
True/False
1. Beverage alcohol is ethanol.

Ans: True
Instructor Resource
2. An alcoholic drink that is 50 proof consists of 50% alcohol by volume.

Ans: False
3. A standard drink is equivalent to about a pint of U.S. domestic beer.

Ans: True
4. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde.

Ans: True
5. An inhibitor of aldehyde dehyrdogenase would cause a buildup of acetaldehyde.

Ans: True
6. The elimination rate of alcohol follows first-order kinetics.

Ans: False
Instructor Resource

7. By modulating NMDA receptors, alcohol produces excitatory effects.

Ans: False
8. Alcohol is a positive modulator for GABAA receptors.

Ans: True
9. The drinking ritual called 21 for 21 is an example of extreme drinking.

Ans: True
10. A grossly intoxicated individual texting something rude to his boss is an example of
disinhibited behavior.
Ans: True
Instructor Resource
11. Moderate alcohol concentrations affect both divided attention and sustained attention.
Ans: False
12. A total inability to recall event during a set period of time of alcoholic intoxication is called
en bloc blackout.
Ans: True
13. Wernicke–Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by a deficiency in tyrosine.

Ans: False
Difficulty Level:
14. Performing just as well on a motor task while intoxicated for experienced drinkers serves as
an example of behavioral tolerance.
Ans: True
Instructor Resource
15. A cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol addiction does not insist on a complete cessation
from alcohol use.
Ans: True
Completion (Fill-in-the-Blank)
1. Beverage alcohol is called ________.

Ans: ethanol
ethyl alcohol
2. The National Prohibition Act became the ________ amendment.

Ans: 18th
eighteenth
3. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to ________.

Ans: acetaldehyde
Instructor Resource

4. Alcohol is a positive modulator for ________ receptors.

Ans: GABAA
5. Heavy drinking during a short period of time is called ________ drinking.

Ans: binge
6. Decision making without reflecting adequately on the consequences of those decisions is

called ________.
Ans: impulsivity
7. The ____________ serotonin receptor appears important for dopamine ability to increase
dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.
Ans: 5-HT3
3
Instructor Resource
serotonin3
5-HT2A
2A
serotonin2A
8. BACs of approximately 0.25 and higher can cause alcohol ______________.

Ans: poisoning
9. ________ blackout consists of incomplete memories from a period of alcohol intoxication.

Ans: Fragmentary
10. ________ alcohol addiction occurs among those at least 25 years and has low genetic risk but
high psychosocial risk.
Ans: Type I
Answer Location: Alcohol Addiction Withdrawal
Instructor Resource
Essay
1. Determine the alcohol by volume and proof of alcohol for a solution for 25 g of alcohol in a
50 ml solution.
Ans: Alcohol by volume is a percentage based upon the number of grams of alcohol per 100 ml
of solution. 25 g of alcohol in a 50 mL would equate to 50 g of alcohol if the solution volume
were increased to 100 ml. Thus, we have 50% alcohol by volume. Proof is a value double the
percentage of alcohol. Thus, proof for this amount of alcohol is 100 proof.
2. Describe the metabolic steps for alcohol.

Ans: The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde and the enzyme
aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to acetic acide and acetate. Another process
converts acetic acid and acetate to carbon dioxide and water.
Cognitive Domain: Medium
3. Describe how GABAA receptors mediate alcohol’s reinforcing effects.

Ans: Alcohol facilitates GABAA receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens. alcohol activates
GABAA
receptors located on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The activation of these
receptors causes reduced GABA release, in turn decreasing the inhibition of dopamine neurons.
Reduced inhibition of dopamine neurons results in enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus
accumbens, a known rewarding action.
Instructor Resource

4. Describe the following types of drinking: Heavy Drinking, Binge Drinking, and Extreme
Drinking
Ans: Heavy drinking consists of more than four drinks per day for men and three drinks per day
for women. Further, heavy drinking can also consist of at least 14 drinks per week for men and 7
drinks per week for women. It consists of drinking at least five standard drinks for men and four
standard drinks for women during one occasion. This definition is also called the “5/4 rule.”
Extreme drinking consists of consuming two to three times more alcohol than in binge drinking.
5. You are pharmacologist tasked with developing a drug that will block the rewarding effects of
alcohol. Name and provide the rationale for three pharmacologic strategies worth pursueing.
Ans: Based on the mechanisms described in the text, the pharmacologist could develop an
antagonist or inverse agonist for GABAA receptors. The pharmacologist could develop an
agonist or positive modulator for NMDA receptors. For serotonin, the pharmacologist could
develop an antagonist for 5-HT3 receptors or 5-HT2A receptors. The person also could develop
an antagonist for cannabinoid CB1 receptors.
Answer Location: Alcohol and Central Nervous System Functioning
Difficulty Level:
6. Describe the ways that light daily alcohol use can be beneficial for cardiovascular functioning.
Ans: Alcohol use increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Alcohol reduces pro-
inflammatory cellular signaling that contributes to the thickening of artery walls. Alcohol
Instructor Resource
administration disrupts blood platelets from bonding together to form clots. Alcohol
administration causes blood clots to separate by causing the activation of plasmin.
7. Describe the pharmacological effects that make driving while intoxicated dangerous.
Ans: Alcohol reduces reaction time, which reduces the time it takes to brake. Greater
impairments occur when someone must attend to multiple things simultaneous (divided
attention), which can occur while driving in traffic or changing road conditions.
8. Describe the two types of reversible drug-induced dementia described in the text.
Ans: Better known as blackout, there are two types: en bloc and fragmentary blackout. En bloc
blackout consists of a total inability to recall events during a set period of time of alcohol
intoxication. Fragmentary blackout (sometimes referred to as a brownout) consists of incomplete
memories from a period of alcohol intoxication.
9. Describe and compare alcoholics anonymous (as a 12-step program) and cognitive-behavioral
therapies for treating alcohol addiction.
Ans: AA is a 12-step program that provides extensive social support to encourage drinking
abstinence for anonymous members. The goal is complete abstention from alcohol use.
Cognitive-behavioral therapies for alcohol dependence seek to improve an individual’s cognitive
Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior An Introduction to Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition Pru
Instructor Resource
and behavioral skills toward changing problem alcohol use. This approach views alcohol
dependence as a maladaptive learning pattern that can be adjusted by replacing maladaptive
responses with adaptive responses. By addressing alcohol use as maladaptive behavior, complete
cessation of alcohol use is not the ultimate therapeutic goal per se. Rather, therapists seek to
eliminate the problems associated with alcohol use, which may or may not require abstinence.
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Drugs and The Neuroscience of Behavior An Introduction To Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition Prus Test Bank Download

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Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior An Introduction to Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition Pru

Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior An

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1. Beverage alcohol is:

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. A value that represents twice the percentage of alcohol in a drink is called:

8. If an alcoholic drink were shown to be 80 proof, what is the percentage of alcohol?

Learning Objective: Application

13. A brewed tea that contains alcohol is called:

16. Distillation provides a means of:

Learning Objective: Alcohol: The Most Commonly Used Depressant

17. About one pint of a 16 oz U.S. domestic beer is equivalent to:

18. The National Prohibition Act became the:

19. The 18th Amendment:

20. The 21st Amendment:

21. Why might a heavy alcohol user become thiamine deficient?

23. Blood alcohol concentration indicates the:

24. Alcohol is mostly catabolized by the enzyme:

26. Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase would be expected to:

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

d. Thiamine in food prevents the transportation of alcohol through intestinal walls.

31. During what circumstances might alcohol be eliminated in half-lives?

32. Why does a breathalyzer accurately measure alcohol concentration in blood?

34. Alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes are found in the:

37. Alcohol binds to:

38. If alcohol is administered near a neuron with GABAA receptors:

Learning Objective: The History of Alcohol Consumption

39. Alcohol acts as a ________________ for GABAA receptors.

c. Increase the flow of chloride ions into the neuron.

45. Which of the following mechanisms can produce reinforcing effects?

46. The actions of alcohol at glutamate NMDA receptors consist of:

Learning Objective: The History of Alcohol Consumption

47. Alcohol produces inhibitory effects via NMDA receptors by:

48. Alcohol binds noncompetitively to NMDA receptors meaning:

49. As with GABAA receptors, alcohol binds ______________ to NMDA receptors.

53. Which calcium channel does alcohol act on?

Learning Objective: The History of Alcohol Consumption

55. By inhibiting SK2 channels, chronic alcohol use:

d. lower blood pressure.

58. Alcohol increases serotonin concentrations in the:

60. Alcohol may affect the endocannabinoid system by:

b. acting on the CB2 cannabinoid receptor.

61. The effects produced by alcohol at different concentations consist of:

62. Which of the following is considered moderate drinking for men?

63. Heavy drinking during a short period of time is called:

Learning Objective: Pharmacokinetic Factors and Alcohol’s Effects

67. Alcohol is an example of hormesis, which means:

68. A BAC of 0.16 would be expected to cause:

72. The term “blackout” is more technically known as:

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

1. Beverage alcohol is ethanol.

2. An alcoholic drink that is 50 proof consists of 50% alcohol by volume.

3. A standard drink is equivalent to about a pint of U.S. domestic beer.

4. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde.

5. An inhibitor of aldehyde dehyrdogenase would cause a buildup of acetaldehyde.

6. The elimination rate of alcohol follows first-order kinetics.

Learning Objective: Alcohol Production Through Fermentation and Distillation

7. By modulating NMDA receptors, alcohol produces excitatory effects.

8. Alcohol is a positive modulator for GABAA receptors.

9. The drinking ritual called 21 for 21 is an example of extreme drinking.

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Wernicke–Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by a deficiency in tyrosine.