CHEMISTRY

12 ADVANCED
REVIEW TRIMESTER 3
2022-2023

Done by : Mr. Tarek Mohamed

ABU DHBI SECONDARY School
1. A carbon atom has four electrons in its outer
energy level.

2. A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds

with atoms of carbon or with other elements.

3. Carbon can form single, double, or triple

covalent bonds

4. Variety of arrangements like straight chain, ring

and branched compounds
• A hydrocarbon having only single bonds is defined as
a saturated hydrocarbon.

• A hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple

bond between carbon atoms is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
• Petroleum (crude oil) is separated into simpler
components or fractions.

• Separation is carried out in a process called

fractional distillation, also called fractionation,

• which involves boiling the petroleum and collecting

components or fractions as they condense at different
temperatures.
• Fractional distillation is done in a fractionating
tower like the one shown in figure.
• The temperature inside the fractionating
tower is controlled so that it remains near
400°C at the bottom, where the petroleum
is boiling, and gradually decreases toward
the top.

Emission of
harmful gases
Alkyl chloride has a higher boiling point
and a higher Density than the alkane with
the same number of carbon atoms.

Boiling points and densities

increase as the halogen changes
from fluorine to chlorine, bromine,
and iodine.
The name should be written as
4-ethyl-3,5-dimethyloctane
1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane.
• Alkanes have low
melting and boiling
point than water

• Alkanes are not

miscible (dissolve)
with water

• Alkanes are non-polar

and soluble in non-
polar substances only
ALKENES
• Alkenes are nonpolar and
therefore have low solubility
in water as well as relatively
low melting and boiling
points.

• Alkenes are more reactive

than alkanes
ALKYNES
• Physical properties of alkynes
are like alkenes
Write the name as
1,3-dipropylbenzene
Ethers cannot form hydrogen bonds with each other.
Therefore, ethers are generally more volatile

Ethers have much lower boiling points

than alcohols of similar size and mass.
(More volatile)

Ethers are much less soluble in water

than alcohols because they have
no hydrogen to donate to a hydrogen
bond.
Elimination reaction
▪ Chemical reactions in which a pair of atoms or groups of
atoms are removed from a molecule

▪ Forms double bond between two nearby carbon atoms

▪ Produce H2O ,HCl H2 and after the reaction

A reaction that eliminates two hydrogen atoms is called a dehydrogenation
reaction.

Note that the two hydrogen atoms form a molecule of hydrogen gas
An elimination reaction in which the atoms removed form
water is called a dehydration reaction.
Addition reaction
• A reaction in which one molecule
combines with another to form a larger
molecule with no other products.

• It usually occurs in alkenes(double bonds)

and alkynes(triple bonds)
Writing Part
 Writing Part
Butane

Pentane
 Writing Part

Double bonded compounds only

shows geometric isomerism
Writing Part