BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS

MLS 414
Second Semester
Prof. Fritdey Jad Doctolero, RMT, MLS(ASCPi) | April, 2023

OUTLINE  Saturated Fatty Acid

o No double bonds
I. LIPIDS
 Unsaturated Fatty Acid
II. FATTY ACID
o Contains a double bond
III. GLYCERIDES
o Monounsaturated – has only 1 double
IV. NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
bond
V. COMPLEX LIPIDS
o Polyunsaturated – has multiple double
bonds
LIPIDS  Omega number
 Comes from the Greek word Lipos which o Locate the methyl end (CH3)
means Lard or Fat o After locating the methyl end, Count
 Nonpolar or Hydrophobic the Carbon atoms until the first
double bond
 Triglycerides (TAG) is the storage form of lipids
found in the adipocytes
Example:
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

● Energy Source
○ Each gram of fat releases 9 kcal of
energy
● Cell Membrane Structural Components
○ Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and
steroids
● Hormone
○ Steroid hormone Answer: Omega-3 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
● Lipid Soluble Vitamins
○ A, D, E, K Try this:
● Vitamin Absorption
● Protection
○ Shock absorber Answer:
● Insulation
○ Subcutaneous fat  Cis-Fatty Acid
o Hydrogen atoms at the double bond is
FATTY ACID at the same side
o U-shaped
 Trans-Fatty Acid
o Hydrogen atoms at the double bond are
at different sides
o Linear
 Essential Fatty Acid
o Double bond can be found before the
9th Carbon atom
 Nonessential Fatty Acid
o NO double bond found before the 9th
Carbon atom

 Has Carboxyl group (COOH)

 Has even number of Carbon atoms

TRANSCRIBED BY: LLOYD T. CABALLERO | MLS 414-LEC | Second Semester 1

MLS 414-LEC | BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS | Prof. Fritdey Jad Doctolero, RMT, MLS(ASCPi)

Example: Determine if the fatty acid is essential or NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS

nonessential
 Sphingolipids
o Not derived from glycerol
o Sphingosine is its backbone
o Amphipathic
o Sphingomyelins
 Smallest sphingolipid
Answer: Nonessential because the double bond lies at  Considered as a phospholipid
the 9th Carbon atom
 Found in the myelin sheath
o Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)
Try this: Identify if the fatty acid is essential or
nonessential  Its backbone is ceramide
which is a derivative of
sphingosine
 Cerebroside
 Singe monosaccharide
heads
 Glucocerebroside –
macrophage
Answer:
 Galactocerebroside –
neurons
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF FATTY ACID  Steroids
o Steroid nucleus (OH- Sterol)
 Esterification  Cholesterol
o Amphipathic
o Fatty acid + Alcohol → Ester + Water
o Esters are the end product o Contains a hydroxyl group (OH) which
 Acid Hydrolysis is polar
o Opposite to esterification o Chemical name is
o Ester → Fatty acid perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene
 Saponification ring
o Strong base to hydrolyze esters o OH replaced → esterification =
o End product is soap Cholesteryl ester
o Common bases used: NaOH, KOH, Lard  Hydrophobic
 Hydrogenation o Synthesized by animals
o Polyunsaturated oil → Saturated solid o Not a source of energy
fats o Converted in liver into bile acid
 Partial Hydrogenation  Bile salts
o Polyunsaturated oil → Saturated solid o Derivative of cholesterol
fats but not all Hydrogen atoms involved
o Amphipathic
in the reaction
o Emulsifying agent
 Polar hydroxyl – interact with
GLYCERIDES
water
 Glycerol + Fatty Acid  Hydrophobic regions – binds
 Neutral glyceride to lipid
o Nonionic and nonpolar  Steroid hormone
o Monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride o Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
 Phosphoglycerides cortisol, cortisone, aldosterone
o Has a polar region, phosphoryl group o Does not mix with blood requires
(hydrophilic), and nonpolar fatty acid tail
carrier to travel in bloodstream
o Phosphatide is the simplest
 Waxes
phosphoglyceride
o Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic
o Lanolin
 Protective coating of skin and
hair

TRANSCRIBED BY: LLOYD T. CABALLERO | MLS 414-LEC | Second Semester 2

MLS 414-LEC | BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS | Prof. Fritdey Jad Doctolero, RMT, MLS(ASCPi)

COMPLEX LIPIDS
 Bonded to other type of molecules  Apo B-100
 Lipoprotein o LDL and VLDL
o Hydrophobic lipids surrounded by o Ligand for LDL receptor
amphipathic proteins, phospholipids,  Apo B-48
and cholesterol o Chylomicrons
o Apolipoproteins – Lipid + protein  Apo E
 Protein portion of lipoprotein o LDL, VLDL, HDL
o The larger the more lipids o Ligand for LDL and chylomicron
 More lipid LDL remnant receptor
 More protein HDL  Chylomicron
o Apo B-48
o Account for the turbidity of
postprandial plasma
o Produced by the intestine
 Low Density Lipoprotein
o Contains apo B-100 and apo E
o Significantly smaller than VLDL and
chylomicrons
o formed as a consequence of the
lipolysis of VLDL
 High Density Lipoprotein
o Smallest and most dense
o Synthesized by liver and intestine
o Discoidal HDL
 Most active form in removing
excess cholesterol
o Spherical HDL
 HDL2
 Larger in sizer and
richer in lipid
 Efficient in delivering
lipid to liver

 VLDL = Beta-Lipoprotein
 LDL = Pre Beta-Lipoprotein
 HDL = Alpha-Lipoprotein

 Apo A-I
o HDL
o Anti-atherogenic HDL present in
plasma
 Apo B
o LDL, VLDL, Chylomicrons

TRANSCRIBED BY: LLOYD T. CABALLERO | MLS 414-LEC | Second Semester 3

MLS 414-LEC | BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS | Prof. Fritdey Jad Doctolero, RMT, MLS(ASCPi)

 Minor Lipoprotein
o Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
 Formed through the
metabolism of VLDL in
circulation
o Lipoprotein (a)
 is similar to LDL in terms of
density and overall
composition, and can be
thought of as an LDL particle to
which apo(a) has been added,
linked to apoB-100 via a
disulfide bond
 Abnormal Lipoprotein
o LpX Lipoprotein
 Found in patients with
obstructive biliary disease and
familial lecithin/cholesterol
acyltransferase (LCAT)
deficiency
o ẞ-VLDL Lipoprotein / Floating ẞ
Lipoprotein
 accumulates in type 3
hyperlipoproteinemia

-END-

[Review] Answer the following:

 It is the protein portion of lipoprotein
 Its backbone is sphingosine
 What is the opposite of esterification?
 What is the chemical name of cholesterol?
 Fatty acid that is U-shaped
 It is the protective coating of hair and skin
 It is the smallest and densest lipoprotein
 It is the simplest phosphoglyceride
 It is Derived from cholesterol
 Its end product is saturated solid fats but not
all Hydrogen atoms involved in the reaction

TRANSCRIBED BY: LLOYD T. CABALLERO | MLS 414-LEC | Second Semester 4