GESC111 - CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

LECTURE

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NICOLE M. ROMANO
GC12
Alkanes Number
of
Carbons
Molecular
Formula
Alkane

- Alkanes are often described as saturated 1 CH4 Methane

hydrocarbons because they contain only

2 C2H6 Ethane
carbon and hydrogen, saturated because
they have only C--C and C—H single bonds 3 C3H8 Propane

and thus contain the maximum possible 4 C4H10 Butane

number of hydrogen per carbon.
5 C5H12 Pentane

- They have the general formula CnH2n+2 6 C6H14 Hexane

where n is any integer.

7 C7H16 Heptane

International Union of Pure 8 C8H18 Octane

and Applied Chemistry 9 C9H20 Nonane

(IUPAC) Nomenclature of
10 C10H22 Decane
Alkanes
1.) Identify the longest continuous carbon
NORMAL ALKYL GROUPS
chain as the parent chain.
2.) Number the chain beginning at the end Name

that is closest to any substituents CH3 methyl

3.) Use these numbers to designate the
C3CH2 ethyl
location of the substituent groups, whose
names are obtained by changing the “-ane” C3CH2CH2 propyl

suffix to’-yl”.
C3CH2CH2CH2 butyl
4.) If an alkyl substituent group appears
more than once, use the prefixes di, tri, tetra,
penta, and hexa for each type of alkyl group.
5. List the substituent group alphabetically.
Alkenes
- Hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon
double bonds are called alkenes. Alkenes are
unsaturated compounds. The general formula
for alkene :CnH2n
- Compounds with more than one double bond
or triple bonds exist.
- Double bonds are said to cumulate when
they are next to one another.
- When multiple bonds alternate with single
bonds, they are called conjugated.
- When multiple bonds alternate with single
bonds, they are called conjugated.
- When more than one single bond comes
between multiple bonds, the latter are isolated
or nonconjugated.
3.) Number the chain from the end nearest
the multiple bonds so that the carbon atoms
in that bond have the lowest possible numbers.
4.) Indicate the position of the multiple using
the lower-numbered carbon atoms of that
bond.
5.) If more than one multiple bond is present,
number the chain from the ends nearest the
first multiple bond.
EXAMPLES:

International Union of Pure

and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) Nomenclature of
Alkenes
1.) The ending –ene is used to designate a
carbon-carbon double bond.
>When more than one double bond is
present, the ending is diene; triene, and so on.
2.) Select the longest chain that includes both
carbons of the double bond.
Polymers
- organic compound of molecule that are
chemically combined in long repeating chain
-big long chain with large molecular weight
Natural Polymers
cotton
wool
silk
leather
natural rubber
DNA
cellulose
- most common polymer on Earth
(An organic compound found in the cell wall of
plants. It is used to produce paper products,
textiles)
Synthetic or man-made
polypropylene (carpet, upholstery)
polycarbonate (plexiglass for windows)
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (pipings)
polyamide (nylon)
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, teflon)
(non-stick pan and electrical insulators)
polystyrene (PS) (toys and foams)
polymethyl methacrylate (face shield)
polyvinyl acetate (PVc) (paints, adhesive)
polychloroprene (neoprene) (wet suits)
polyethylene (the most plastic in the world
found in items from shopping bags to
storage containers)
Low-Density Polyethylene
LDPE. grocery bags
High-Density Polyethylene
HDPE, detergents, toys + bottles
Some synthetic polymers are pliable
(thermoplastic) others are permanently
rigid (thermosets) still others have rubber-
like properties (elastomers)
Properties of Polymer
Depending on the desired use, polymers can be
fine-tuned to leverage certain advantageous
properties.
1.) REFLECTIVITY
- some polymers are used to produce
reflective film which is used in variety of light-
related technologies.
2.) IMPACT RESISTANCE
- sturdy plastics that can withstand rough
handling are perfect for luggage, protective
cases and car bumpers
3.) BRITTLENESS
- some forms of polymers are hard and easy
to deform using heat
4.) TRANSLUCENCE
- see-through polymers including polymer clay are often used in arts and crafts
5.) DUCTILITY
- unlike brittle polymers, it can be deformed without falling apart.
6.) ELASTICITY
- natural and synthetic rubbers have elastic properties that make them ideal for car tires.

Monomer Name Formula Polymer

1.) ethylene (ethene) polyethylene

2.) vinyl chloride polyvinylchloride

(chloroethene) (PVC)

3.) styrene -> vinylbenzene polystyrene

(ethenyl benzene)

4.) methyl metacrylate polymethyl metacrylate

2-methyl-propanoate

5.) tetrafluoroethene polytetrafluoroethylene

tetrafluoroethylene

6.) vinyl acetate polyvinyl acetate

ethenyl ethanoate

7.) chloroprene polychloroprene

2-chloro-1,3-butadiene
When polymerization is carried out at high POLYMERIZATION
pressure and temperature, the product is
- repetitive joining of many small molecules
called low-density polyethylene and has
into larger ones; ethylene gives polyethylene;
properties different from the high-density
having many uses, particularly in the
polyethylene.
production of packaging, films, wire coating,
and squeeze bottles.
Classification of
Ethene or Ethylene
Polymers This is a colorless flammable gas having a
Synthetic polymers are classified into two main sweet taste and odor.
types depending on how they are made. Natural gases of ethylene include both
natural gas and petroleum
1.) CHAIN-GROWTH POLYMER
It is also a naturally occurring hormone
(also called addition polymer)
in plants, in which it exhibits and
- are made by the addition of one monomer
promotes leaf fall, and in fruits in which
unit to another in a repetitive manner of
it promotes ripening.
Ethylene use falls into main categories
1.) as a monomer, from which longer
n = several thousands
carbon chains are constructed and 2.) as
2.) STEP-GROWTH POLYMER
a starting material for other two carbon
(also called condensation polymer)
compound.
usually formed between two different
functional groups with the loss of some
molecules such as water thus the
polymer does not contain the atoms
initially present in the monomers.
In step-growth polymerization, multiple
polymers are bonded directly with one
another
Energy/Heat of Combustion