N AT I O N AL UNIVERSITY

DEPARMENT OF MEDICAL T ECHNO L OG Y

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
W I N S C. ESTEBAN, RMT, MD, M M P H A
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CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN FAT

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REGULATORS OF METABOLISM
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Carbohydrates in food broken

down into glucose units

Glucose absorbed in intestines and

carried by blood to the body’s cells

Glucose enters the cells

Insulin NEEDED Insulin NOT needed

Adipose and muscle tissues RBC, intestinal mucosa, brain, liver

GLYCOLYSIS
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GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER

EXTRACELLULAR
SPACE

GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER

EXTRACELLULAR
SPACE
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GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS
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GLYCOLYSIS
What is it for?
Where does it occur?
What is the substrate?
What are the end-products?
Which step is rate-limiting?
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ENERGY INVESTMENT

ENERGY GENERATION

2 NADH

2 ATP

2 ATP
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PHOSPHORYLATION OF
GLUCOSE

RATE LIMITING
STEP

FORMATION OF PYRUVATE
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STEP 1: PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE

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HEXOKINASE
* High affinity for glucose
* In the liver it is saturated
under normal conditions
* Acts at a constant rate to
provide glucose 6- phosphate
to meet the cell's need
GLUCOKINASE*
Removes glucose from the
blood following a meal,
providing glucose 6
phosphate in excess of
requirements for glycolysis,
which is used for glycogen
synthesis and lipogenesis
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STEP 3:
Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1(PFK-1)
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STEP 10: FORMATION OF PYRUVATE

Phosphoenolpyruvate → Pyruvate + ATP

Enzyme: Pyruvate kinase

Substrate-level phosphorylation
→ Y i e l d s 1ATP per molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate

Regulation
* Activated by fructose-1,6- BP
* Inhibited by glucagon
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PRODUCTION OF ATP
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PRODUCTION OF NADH

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Enzyme: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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TYPES OF GLYCOLYSIS

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS → LACTATE

AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS → PYRUVATE

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ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
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ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

NADH is used to reduce pyruvate to lactate

Major fate of pyruvate in lens and cornea of the eye,

kidney medulla, testes, RBCs and W B C

Lactic acidosis is seen in vigorous exercise, septic shock,

and cancer cachexia
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ATP YIELD OF GLYCOLYSIS

AEROBIC ANEROBIC

ATPs Consumed —2 —2

ATPs from Substrate Level Phosphorylation 4 4

ATPs from NADH* 3 or 5 0

NET ATP YIELD 5 or 7 2

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2,3-BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

Rapoport-Luebering shunt pathway

1,3-BPG → 2,3-BPG

Enzyme: Bisphosphoglycerate mutase

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LACTATE

ETHANOL PYRUVATE OXALOACETATE

ACETYL COA
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PYRUVATE → ACETYL COA

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PYRUVATE → ACETYL COA

Coenzymes:

Thiamine pyrophosphate
FAD
NAD+
Coenzyme A
Lipoic acid
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REFERENCES:

H. Stephen Stoker (2017) Biochemistry (3rd ed)

Rodwell VW, et al. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (30th ed)