“Welcome to PANACEA INSTITUTE MULTAN”

Sir Sajeel Ahmad (27TH Position FSP)

Gender Studies - CSS
(Modernization, Dependency)
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT:

• Modernization Theory
• Developed against the backdrop of widespread poverty in some countries
after World War II, increase in unrest in some countries and to counter
competition from Communism
• Proponents mainly from America
• Collaborate development with Modernity

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• For a country or area to be seen as modern it has to show an advancement in
science and technology
• Has to be industrially developed
• Movement from collectivism to Individualism
• From Hierarchy based on ascription (Class, creed, race, ethnicity etc) to one
based on merit.
• Popular in the 1950s & 1960s

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• All societies progress through similar stages of development
• Hold that sometime in the past, today’s developed areas were in a situation
similar to that faced by todays underdeveloped areas
• 5 steps in the evolutionary ladder of modernization (W.W Rostow – 1960)
1. ‘Traditional society’ – Poverty, traditional values and primary production
2. Pre-conditions for take off stage → Industrial development, Western
countries assist development through aid/foreign loans

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• Take off Stage → Investment begins and high economic growth on the cards
• Drive to maturity → Economic and Cultural factors lead to increasing
prosperity
• High Mass Consumption

• Lewis (1955) → Some have argued that modernization would help break
ascriptive roles in the productive sphere and benefit women more than men

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CRITICISM

• Capitalism & Western Culture is the best

• Blind eye to growing inequalities between and within countries
• Assumption of unlimited natural resources for growth and exploitation
• Uni-linear pathway to development

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DEPENDENCY THEORY

• Rejected Modernization theory

• A.G Frank
• Underdeveloped countries are not merely primitive versions of developed
countries. Wealthier countries have become wealthy by exploiting poorer
countries
• Developed nations actively perpetuate a state of dependence of poor nations
on wealthier ones by controlling economic, media, politics, banking, finance
etc.

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• They counter all attempts made by dependent nations to resist their influences by means of economic
sanctions and at times by use of military force
• Argue that underdeveloped countries need to reduce their connectedness with the world market so
that they may pursue their own path
• Some argue that import substitution industrialization and not an export orientation is the best strategy
• Global Integration – New forms of dependency
• Foreign Indebtedness

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CRITICISM:

• Feminist Critique:
1. Does not examine how power relations of gender within colonies were
made use of.
2. Exploitation of women's labour by multi-national corporations under WTO
regime not analyzed by most dependency theorists
3. Black, Dalits or tribal women are not only paid lower wages than men, but
subsidize capital by doing free reproductive work

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRACTICAL GENDER NEEDS &
STRATEGIC GENDER NEEDS

• Maxine Molyneux (1985)

• Practical Gender Needs: In response to women position in the gender
hierarchy
• Strategic Gender Needs: Arise from the analysis of their subordination and
the formulation of a mere just and equitable social order

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WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY (IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN)

• Emerged in 1970s
• Critical of the Modernization Theory
• Indirectly sees development as a world free of Exploitation
• World Systems multi-disciplinary in nature and not just restricted to economic and cultural sphere
• Encompasses disciplines such as economics, politics, history, sociology, anthropology and development
studies

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• 2 Types of World Systems:
1. World Empires
2. World Economies

World Empire: Large bureaucratic structure with a Single political centre and a
division of labour, but multiple cultures
World Economy (Global Capitalism): Large division of Labour, multiple political
cultures and multiple political centres → World Systems Theory

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TRIPARTITE PATTERN IN DIVISION OF LABOUR

• 1 – Core Countries
• 2 – Periphery Countries
• 3- Semi Periphery Countries

• Four Features of World System:

1. Cyclical Rhythms : Short Term fluctuation of the Economy
2. Secular Trends : Deeper Long run trends
3. Contradiction : General Controversy in the system
4. Crisis

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CRITIQUE:

• Prone to Generalization & Lacking of quantitative data

• Concept of Class Structure not given the importance
• Boundaries between State and Business are blurred

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