Project

In
Music 3

Fatima Ameera A. Birowa

III-Francisco
 Percussion Instrument
 Comes from the word Percuss which means “ to strike”.

 Is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped

by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters
or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against
another similar instrument.

 Percussion Instruments are divided into 2 Groups

o pitched percussion instruments, which produce notes with

an identifiable pitch, and

o unpitched percussion instruments, which produce notes or

sounds in an indefinite pitch
 Pitched Percussion Instruments
Carillon
 The word carillon is a loanword from the French language dating to the
late 18th century. It is derived from Old French carignon (an alteration
of quarregon) 'a set of four bells'. The word quarregon originates
from Latin quaternionem 'set of four'; from quater 'four times'.
 A carillon is a pitched percussion instrument that is played with
a keyboard and consists of at least 23 bells. The bells
are cast in bronze, hung in fixed suspension, and tuned in chromatic
order so that they can be sounded harmoniously together. They are
struck with clappers connected to a keyboard of wooden batons
played with the hands and pedals played with the feet. Often housed
in bell towers, carillons are usually owned by churches, universities, or
municipalities. They can include an automatic system through which
the time is announced and simple tunes are played throughout the
day.
 Carillons come in many designs, weights, sizes, and sounds. They are
among the world's heaviest instruments, and the heaviest carillon
weighs over 91 metric tons (100 short tons). Most weigh between 4.5
and 15 metric tons (5.0 and 16.5 short tons). To be considered a
carillon, a minimum of 23 bells are needed; otherwise, it is called
a chime. Standard-sized instruments have about 50, and the world's
largest has 77 bells.
 The carillon is a keyboard instrument. Though it shares similarities
with other instruments in this category, such as the organ or pedal
piano, its playing console is unique.

Crotales
 Crotales , sometimes called antique cymbals, are percussion
instruments consisting of small, tuned bronze or brass disks. Each is about
10 cm (4 in) in diameter with a flat top surface and a nipple on the base. They
are commonly played by being struck with hard mallets. However, they may
also be played by striking two disks together in the same manner as finger
cymbals, or by bowing. Their sound is rather like a small tuned bell, only with
a much brighter sound and a much longer resonance. Similar to tuned finger
cymbals, crotales are thicker and larger; they also have slight grooves in
them. The name comes from the Greek crotalon, for a castanet or rattle.
Glockenspiel
 The glockenspiel, Glocken: bells and Spiel: set) or bells is
a percussion instrument consisting of pitched aluminum or steel bars
arranged in a keyboard layout. This makes the glockenspiel a type
of metallophone, similar to the vibraphone.
 The glockenspiel is played by striking the bars with mallets, often made
of a hard material such as metal or plastic. Its clear, high-pitched tone
is often heard in orchestras, wind ensembles, marching bands, and
in popular music.
Handbell
 handbell is a bell designed to be rung by hand. To ring a handbell, a
ringer grasps the bell by its slightly flexible handle – traditionally made
of leather, but often now made of plastic – and moves the arm to make
the hinged clapper strike the inside of the bell. An individual handbell
can be used simply as a signal to catch people's attention or summon
them together, but handbells are also often heard in tuned sets.
 The bells used in American handbell choirs are almost always English
handbells. "English handbells" is a reference to a specific type of
handbells, not to the country of origin
 A handbell choir or ensemble (in the United States) or handbell team (in
England) is a group that rings recognizable music
with melodies and harmony, as opposed to the mathematical
permutations used in change ringing.
Marimba
 The marimba is a musical instrument in the percussion family that
consists of wooden bars that are struck by mallets. Below each bar is a
resonator pipe that amplifies particular harmonics of its sound.
Compared to the xylophone, the timbre of the marimba is warmer,
deeper, more resonant, and more pure. It also tends to have a lower
range than that of a xylophone. Typically, the bars of a marimba are
arranged chromatically, like the keys of a piano. The marimba is a type
of idiophone.
 Today, the marimba is used as a solo instrument, or in ensembles
like orchestras, marching bands (typically as a part of the front
ensemble), percussion ensembles, brass and concert bands, and other
traditional ensembles.
Steelpan Timpani
 the steelpan (also known as a pan, steel drum, and  Timpani Italian pronunciation: [ˈtimpani]) or kettledrums (also
sometimes, collectively with other musicians, as informally called timps) are musical instruments in
a steelband or steel orchestra) is a musical the percussion family.
instrument originating in Trinidad and Tobago.  A type of drum categorized as a hemispherical drum, they
 Steelpan musicians are called pannists. consist of a membrane called a head stretched over a large
bowl traditionally made of copper.
 Thus timpani are an example of kettle drums, also known as
vessel drums and semispherical drums, whose body is similar
to a section of a sphere whose cut conforms the head.
 Most modern timpani are pedal timpani and can be tuned
quickly and accurately to specific pitches by skilled players
through the use of a movable foot-pedal. They are played by
striking the head with a specialized drum stick called
a timpani stick or timpani mallet.

Handpan
 Handpan is a term for a group of musical instruments that are classified
as a subset of the steelpan.

 The basic form of a handpan consists of two metal half-shells glued

together, a centre tone field (named Ding) surrounded by a circle of at
least seven tone fields on the upper side and an opening in the bottom
side (named Gu).
Tubular bells
 Tubular bells (also known as chimes) are musical instruments in
the percussion family.Their sound resembles that of church
bells, carillon, or a bell tower; the original tubular bells were made to
duplicate the sound of church bells within an ensemble.

 Tubular bells are often replaced by studio chimes, which are a smaller
and usually less expensive instrument.

 Tubular bells are sometimes struck on the top edge of the tube with
a rawhide- or plastic-headed hammer.

Tabla
 A tabla is a pair of twin hand drums from the Indian subcontinent, that
are somewhat similar in shape to the bongos.
Vibraphone a chromatic instrument of somewhat higher pitch range and
The vibraphone is a percussion instrument in the metallophone family. It drier timbre than the marimba, and these two instruments should not
consists of tuned metal bars and is typically played by using mallets to strike the be confused.
bars. A person who plays the vibraphone is called
a vibraphonist, vibraharpist, or vibist. A person who plays the xylophone is known as a xylophonist or
simply a xylophone player.
The vibraphone resembles the steel marimba, which it superseded. One of the
main differences between the vibraphone and other keyboard percussion The term is also popularly used to refer to similar instruments of
instruments is that each bar suspends over a resonator tube containing a flat the lithophone and metallophone types.
metal disc. These discs are attached together by a common axle and spin when
the motor is turned on. This causes the instrument to produce its
namesake tremolo or vibrato effect. The vibraphone also has a sustain
pedal similar to a piano. When the pedal is up, the bars produce a muted sound;
when the pedal is down, the bars sustain for several seconds or until again muted
with the pedal.
The vibraphone is commonly used in jazz music, in which it often plays a featured
role, and was a defining element of the sound of mid-20th-century "Tiki
lounge" exotica, as popularized by Arthur Lyman.
It is the second most popular solo keyboard percussion instrument in classical
music, after the marimba, and is part of the standard college-level percussion
performance education. It is a standard instrument in the modern percussion
section for orchestras, concert bands, and in the marching arts (typically as part
of the front ensemble).

Xylophone
The xylophone (from Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon) 'wood',
and φωνή (phōnḗ) 'sound, voice'; lit. 'sound of wood') is a musical
instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars
struck by mallets. Like the glockenspiel (which uses metal bars), the
xylophone essentially consists of a set of tuned wooden keys
arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. Each bar is
an idiophone tuned to a pitch of a musical scale,
whether pentatonic or heptatonic in the case of many African and
Asian instruments, diatonic in many western children's instruments,
or chromatic for orchestral use.
The term xylophone may be used generally, to include all such
instruments such as the marimba, balafon and even the semantron.
However, in the orchestra, the term xylophone refers specifically to
 Unpitched Percussion Instrument Bodhrán
 The bodhrán is a frame drum used in Irish music ranging from 25 to 65 cm (10–26 in) in
Bass drum
diameter, with most drums measuring 35–45 cm (14–18 in). The sides of the drum are 9–
 The bass drum is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. 20 cm (3+1⁄2–8 in) deep. A goatskin head is tacked to one side (synthetic heads or other
 The instrument is typically cylindrical, with the drum's diameter much greater than the drum's animal skins are sometimes used). The other side is open-ended for one hand to be placed
depth, with a struck head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of calfskin or against the inside of the drum head to control the pitch and timbre.
plastic and there is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by
strings. Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size does not dictate the volume produced
by the drum. The pitch and the sound can vary much with different sizes, but the size is also
chosen based on convenience and aesthetics. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary
in size and are used in several musical genres.
 The type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral,
or concert bass drum (in Italian: gran cassa, gran tamburo). It is the largest drum of the orchestra.
 The kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit, which is much smaller than
the above-mentioned bass drum. It is struck with a beater attached to a pedal, usually seen on
drum kits.
 The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps, is tuned to a specific
pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums.
 In many forms of music, the bass drum is used to mark or keep time. The bass drum makes a
low, boom sound when the mallet hits the drumhead. In marches, it is used to project tempo Cowbell
(marching bands historically march to the beat of the bass). A basic beat for rock and roll has the
 The cowbell is an idiophone hand percussion instrument used in various styles of music,
bass drum played on the first and third beats of bars in common time, with the snare drum on the
such as Latin and rock. It is named after the similar bell used by herdsmen to keep track of
second and fourth beats, called backbeats. In jazz, the bass drum can vary from almost entirely
being a timekeeping medium to being a melodic voice in conjunction with the other parts of the the whereabouts of cows. The instrument initially and traditionally has been metallic;
set. however, contemporarily, some variants are made of synthetic materials.

Bongos
 Bongos (Spanish: bongó) are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of
small open bottomed hand drums of different sizes.[1] The pair consists of the
larger hembra (lit. 'female') and the smaller macho (lit. 'male'), which are joined by a wooden
bridge. They are played with both hands and usually held between the legs, although in
.
some cases, as in classical music, they may be played with mallets and/or mounted on
stands.
  Castanets
Cabasa
 The cabasa, similar to the shekere, is a percussion instrument that is constructed with loops
of steel ball chain wrapped around a wooden cylinder. The cylinder is fixed to a long, wooden
or plastic handle.
 The metal cabasa was created by Martin Cohen, founder of Latin Percussion. This company
has built a more durable cabasa that they call an afuche-cabasa (pictured). It provides a
metallic, rattling sound when shaken or twisted, similar to the sound of a rattlesnake. It is
often used in Latin jazz, especially in bossa nova pieces.
 Castanets, also known as clackers or palillos, are a percussion instrument (idiophone),
used in Spanish, Kalo, Moorish,[1] Ottoman, Italian, Sephardic, Swiss,
and Portuguese music.
 The instrument consists of a pair of concave shells joined on one edge by a string. They
are held in the hand and used to produce clicks for rhythmic accents or a ripping or rattling
sound consisting of a rapid series of clicks. They are traditionally made of hardwood
(chestnut; Spanish: castaño), although fibreglass has become increasingly popular.

 Precise rhythmic effects can be gained by the advanced player. The player places his non-
dominant hand on the metal chain, to provide pressure, while holding the wooden handle
with the other hand and twisting the instrument back and forth depending on the rhythmic
pattern desired. In addition to Latin music, many band and orchestra pieces call for the
cabasa.

Claves
 Claves (/ˈklɑːveɪz, kleɪvz/; Spanish: [ˈklaβes]) are a percussion instrument consisting of a
pair of short, wooden sticks about 20–25 centimeters (8–10 inches) long and about 2.5
centimeters (1 inch) in diameter.[1][2] Although traditionally made of wood
(typically rosewood, ebony or grenadilla) many modern manufacturers offer claves made
of fiberglass or plastic.
 When struck, claves produce a bright, penetrating clicking noise. This makes them useful
when playing in large dance bands.[3] Claves are sometimes hollow and carved in the
Cajón
middle to amplify the sound.
 A cajón (Spanish: "box", "crate" or "drawer") is a box-shaped percussion
instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front or rear faces (generally
thin plywood) with the hands, fingers, or sometimes implements such as brushes, mallets,
or sticks. Cajones are primarily played in Afro-Peruvian music (specifically música criolla),
but have made their way into flamenco as well.
 The term cajón is also applied to other box drums used in Latin American music, such as
the Cuban cajón de rumba and the Mexican cajón de tapeo.
Conga
 The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba.
 Congas are staved like barrels and classified into three types: quinto (lead drum, highest),
tres dos or tres golpes (middle), and tumba or salidor (lowest).
 Congas were originally used in Afro-Cuban music genres such as conga (hence their
name) and rumba, where each drummer would play a single drum.
 Congas have become a popular instrument in many forms of Latin music such
as son (when played by conjuntos), descarga, Afro-Cuban
jazz, salsa, songo, merengue and Latin rock.
Cymbal
 A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin,
normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although
small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note (such as crotales).
Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz
bands, heavy metal bands, and marching groups. Drum kits usually incorporate at least
a crash, ride, or crash/ride, and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. A player of cymbals is known as
a cymbalist.
 the word cymbal is derived from the Latin cymbalum,[1] which is the latinisation of
the Greek word κύμβαλον kymbalon, "cymbal",[2] which in turn derives from κύμβη kymbē,
"cup, bowl".
 In orchestral scores, cymbals may be indicated by the French cymbales;
German Becken, Schellbecken, Teller, or Tschinellen; Italian piatti or cinelli;
Spanish platillos.[4] Many of these derive from the word for plates.
Djembe
 djembe or jembe (/ˈdʒɛmbeɪ/ JEM-bay; from Malinke jembe [dʲẽbe],[1] N'Ko: ߋߓߋߖ ߲߰ [2]) is a
rope-tuned skin-covered goblet drum played with bare hands, originally from West Africa.
According to the Bambara people in Mali, the name of the djembe comes from the saying "Anke
djé, anke bé" which translates to "everyone gather together in peace" and defines the drum's
purpose. In the Bambara language, "djé" is the verb for "gather" and "bé" translates as "peace."
 The djembe has a body (or shell) carved of hardwood and a drumhead made of untreated
(not limed) rawhide, most commonly made from goatskin. Excluding rings, djembes have an
exterior diameter of 30–38 cm (12–15 in) and a height of 58–63 cm (23–25 in). The majority have
a diameter in the 13 to 14 inch range. The weight of a djembe ranges from 5 kg to 13 kg (11–
29 lb) and depends on size and shell material. A medium-size djembe carved from one of the
traditional woods (including skin, rings, and rope) weighs around 9 kg (20 lb).
 The djembe can produce a wide variety of sounds, making it an extremely versatile drum. The
drum is very loud, allowing it to be heard clearly as a solo instrument over a large percussion
ensemble. The Malinké people say that a skilled drummer is one who "can make the djembe
talk", meaning that the player can tell an emotional story (the Malinké never used the djembe as
a signaling drum).
 Traditionally, the djembe is played only by men, as are the dunun that always accompany the
djembe. Conversely, other percussion instruments that are commonly played as part of an
ensemble, such as the shekere (a hollowed-out gourd covered with a net of beads), karignan (a
tubular bell), and kese kese (a woven basket rattle), are usually played by women. Even today,
it is rare to see women play djembe or dunun in West Africa, and African women express
astonishment when they do see a female djembe player.[4
and
Maraca
 A maraca, sometimes called shaker or chac-chac, is a rattle which appears in many genres
of Caribbean and Latin music. It is shaken by a handle and usually played as part of a pair.
 Maracas (from Guaraní mbaracás),also known as tamaracas, were rattles of divination, an oracle
of the Brazilian Tupinamba people, found also with other Indigenous ethnic groups, such as
the Guarani, Orinoco and in Florida. Rattles made from Lagenaria gourds are being shaken by
the natural grip, while the round Crescentia calabash fruits are fitted to a handle.[3] Human hair is
sometimes fastened on the top, and a slit is cut in it to represent a mouth, through which
their shamans (payes) made it utter its responses. A few pebbles are inserted to make it rattle
and it is crowned with the red feathers of the guarás (scarlet ibis). Every man had his maraca. It
 was used at their dances and to heal the sick. Andean curanderos (healers) use maracas in their
healing rites.
 Modern maraca balls are also made of leather, wood or plastic.
Mark tree
 A mark tree (also known as a nail tree, chime tree, or set of bar chimes) is a percussion
instrument used primarily for musical colour. It consists of many small chimes—typically
cylinders of solid aluminium or hollow brass tubing 3/8" in diameter—of varying lengths, hung
from a bar. They are played by sweeping a finger or stick through the length of the hanging
chimes. They are mounted in pitch order to produce rising or falling glissandos.
 Unlike tubular bells, another form of chime, the chimes on a mark tree do not produce definite
pitches, as they produce inharmonic (rather than harmonic) spectra.
 The mark tree is named after its inventor, studio percussionist Mark Stevens, who devised it in
1967. When he could not come up with a name, percussionist Emil Richards dubbed the
instrument the "mark tree".
 The mark tree should not be confused with two similar instruments:
 Wind chimes are mounted in a circle with a hanging striker strung in the center; they
may be solid or hollow and made of many types of material, whereas the mark tree is
mounted in a linear fashion and normally has solid metal bars.
 The bell tree is a set of graduated cup-shaped bells mounted vertically along a center
post.
Snare
 The snare (or side drum) is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound
when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under
tension against the lower skin. Snare drums are often used in orchestras, concert bands,
marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps, and more. It is one of the central pieces in
a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer
and used in many genres of music. Because basic rhythms are very easy to learn to play on a
snare drum even for children, the instrument is also suitable for the music education for young
children and a rhythm band.
 Snare drums are usually played with drum sticks, but other beaters such as the brush or
the rute can be used to achieve different tones.
 The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due to its sensitivity and
responsiveness. The sensitivity of the snare drum allows it to respond audibly to the softest
strokes, even with a wire brush. It can be used for complex rhythmic patterns and engaging solos
at moderate volumes. Its high dynamic range allows the player to produce powerful accents with
vigorous strokes and a thundering crack when rimshot strokes are used.
Tambourine
 The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often
of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called "zills". Classically the term tambourine
denotes an instrument with a drumhead, though some variants may not have a head.
Tambourines are often used with regular percussion sets. They can be mounted, for example on
a stand as part of a drum kit (and played with drum sticks), or they can be held in the hand and
played by tapping, hitting, or shaking the instrument.
 Tambourines come in many shapes with the most common being circular. It is found in many
forms of music: Arabic folk music, Turkish folk music, Greek folk music, Italian folk music, French
folk music, classical music, Galician traditional music, Persian music, samba, gospel music, pop
music, country music, and rock music.
Temple blocks
Triangle

Temple blocks are a type of percussion instrument consisting of a set of woodblocks. It is
 The triangle is a musical instrument in the percussion family, and is classified as an idiophone in
descended from the muyu, an instrument originating from eastern Asia, where it is commonly used
the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system. Triangles are made from a variety of metals including
in religious ceremonies.
aluminum, beryllium copper, brass, bronze, iron, and steel. The metal is formed into
a triangle shape by bending or casting methods. The instrument is usually held by a loop of some

It is a carved hollow wooden instrument with a large slit. In its traditional form, the muyu, the shape
form of thread or wire at the top curve. The triangle theoretically has indefinite pitch,[1] and produces
is somewhat bulbous like a bell, but modern instruments are often rectangular in shape.[3] They are
a plurality of overtones when struck with an appropriate beater.
generally played in sets of four or more to give a variety of pitches, in which they are also known
as "tone blocks".[4] In Western music, they can be traced back to early jazz drummers where they
were used as exotic instruments before being later adopted into widespread orchestral use.

Woodblock

Timbales
 Timbales (/tɪmˈbɑːliːz/) or pailas are shallow single-headed drums with metal casing. They are
shallower than single-headed tom-toms and usually tuned much higher, especially for their
size.[1] They were developed as an alternative to classical timpani in Cuba in the early 20th
century and later spread across Latin America and the United States.
 Timbales are struck with wooden sticks on the heads and shells, although bare hands are
sometimes used. The player (called a timbalero) uses a variety of stick strokes, rim shots, and
rolls to produce a wide range of percussive expression during solos and at transitional sections of
music, and usually plays the shells (or auxiliary percussion such as a cowbell or cymbal) to keep
time in other parts of the song. The shells and the typical pattern played on them are referred to
as cáscara. Common stroke patterns include abanico, baqueteo (from danzón), mambo,
and chachachá.
 A woodblock (also spelled as two words, wood block) is a small slit drum made from a single
piece of wood. The term generally signifies the Western orchestral instrument, though it is
descended from the Chinese woodblock. Alternative names sometimes used in ragtime and jazz
are clog box and tap box. In orchestral music scores, woodblocks may be indicated by the
French bloc de bois or tambour de bois, German Holzblock or Holzblocktrommel, or Italian cassa
di legno.[1]
 The orchestral woodblock of the West is generally made from teak or another hardwood. The
dimensions of this instrument vary, although it is either a rectangular or cylindrical block of wood
with one or sometimes two longitudinal cavities. It is played by striking it with a stick, which
produces a sharp crack.[2] Alternatively, a rounder mallet, soft or hard, may be used, which
produces a deeper-pitched and fuller "knocking" sound.
 On a drum kit, a woodblock is traditionally mounted on a clamp fixed to the top of the rear rim of
the bass drum.

 Originally made of calfskin, the heads are most commonly made of plastic for increased volume
and durability and mounted on a steel rim. The shells are usually made of metal, although
wooden shells are also available. In general, the drums are mounted on a stand and played while
standing. Smaller timbales called timbalitos are often incorporated into larger drum kits.