Geography

See also: List of bodies of water in Bali and List of mountains in Bali

Aerial photograph of Bali

Detailed map of Bali

The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2.0 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8 degrees south of the
equator. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait. East to west, the island is approximately
153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (70 mi) north to south; administratively it
covers 5,780 km2 (2,230 sq mi), or 5,577 km2 (2,153 sq mi) without Nusa Penida District,[37]
which comprises three small islands off the southeast coast of Bali. Its population density was
roughly 747 people/km2 (1,930 people/sq mi) in 2020.

Mount Agung is the highest point of Bali.

Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation and
active volcanoes such as Mount Batur. The highest is Mount Agung (3,031 m; 9,944 ft), known
as the "mother mountain", which is an active volcano rated as one of the world's most likely sites
for a massive eruption within the next 100 years.[38] In late 2017 Mount Agung started erupting
and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport.[39]
Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's
volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the
high rainfall that supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a
broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side
of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee-producing area of the
island, along with rice, vegetables, and cattle. The longest river, Ayung River, flows
approximately 75 km (47 mi) (see List of rivers of Bali).

The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those
in the north and west have black sand. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is
navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being
developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they are not yet used for
significant tourism.

The cliff of Nusa Penida with Kelingking beach in the

foreground

The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the southern coast. Its population is
around 726,800 (mid 2022).[2] Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja,
which is located on the north coast and is home to around 150,000 people in 2020.[40] Other
important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area,
and Ubud, situated at the north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural centre.[41]

Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are administratively part of the
Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. These islands
are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait.

To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical
division between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and the distinctly different fauna of
Australasia. The transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace,
who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped
during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of
Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep
Lombok Island and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.