Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Buildings
for Sustainable Development
An overview on
Buildings for Sustainable Development (BSD)
This is the downloadable PDF, providing an overview on “Buildings for Sustainable Development”. It can
be downloaded from the website www.bsd.civil.mrt.ac.lk, which has been developed as an e-learning
module for the undergraduates of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka.
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Why Buildings? 3
4. Buildings against SD 5
5. Buildings for SD 6
Note:
The website www.bsd.civil.mrt.ac.lk is an e-learning tool for the undergraduates of the Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa. Under the guidance and supervision of Professor Thishan
Jayasinghe, Asitha Jayawardena authored the content of this website.
Eng (Prof) Thishan Jayasinghe (thishan@civil.mrt.ac.lk), B.Sc. Eng. (Moratuwa), Ph.D. (Cambridge),
C.Eng, MIE(SL), graduated in 1987. He completed Ph.D. in 1992 and then worked at the Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, for the last 14 years. His research interests are in the areas of
tall buildings, masonry structures, long-span bridges and energy efficient buildings.
May 2007
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1 Introduction
We all need a variety of buildings to lead our lives – houses to live in, schools and universities to learn,
hospitals to receive treatment, factories and offices to work in, cinemas, theatres and stadiums for
enjoyment…..
However, buildings can contribute against Sustainable Development, in turn adversely affecting our lives
in the long run. Adverse impacts of such “unsustainable buildings” on sustainable development can be
categorized as:
Environmental degradation
Energy consumption
Natural resources depletion
Environmental
degradation
Buildings against SD
Building
Construction & Building Use for
Maintenance for SD
SD
Buildings for SD
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2 Why Buildings?
We all need a variety of buildings – houses to live in, schools and universities to learn, hospitals to
receive treatment, factories and offices to work in, cinemas, theatres and stadiums for enjoyment….. and
the list goes on.
In general, a building should serve its main purpose while providing its users with:
Comfortable and safe living space
Protection from adverse natural forces such as wind, rain and sunlight
Protection from human and animal threats
Privacy where it is needed
Comfort &
safety
Space
for living (house),
working (workplace),
education (school),
enjoyment (cinema)…
Protection Privacy
Gro Harlem Brundtland chaired the World Commission on Environment and Development, which led to
the publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987. This report led to the first Earth Summit, in 1992 in Rio
de Janeiro, and then to the landmark concept of “sustainable development”:
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”.
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Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Brundtland Report published in 1987 at World Commission on Environment and Development
Sustainable Development: Achieving economic and social goals in ways that can be supported for the
long term by conserving resources, protecting the environment, and ensuring human health and welfare.
Technology Partnerships Canada (http://tpc-ptc.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/tpc-
ptc.nsf/en/hb00422e.html)
Sustainable Development refers to the wise use of resources within a framework in which environmental,
economic and social factors are integrated. It is about maintaining and improving the quality of life while
safeguarding the quality of life of generations to come. It involves a number of aspects of change such as
social (e.g. housing quality, crime), economic (e.g. jobs, income), and environmental (e.g. air quality,
resource conservation).
National Curriculum in Action (http://www.ncaction.org.uk/subjects/geog/glossary.htm)
Sustainable
Development
(SD)
People Environment
Turning to buildings in the context of SD. Buildings tend to contribute against SD. However, through
careful planning, design, construction and use, buildings can be made to contribute to SD.
This e-learning module shows how buildings contribute against SD (Buildings against SD) and
summarizes how buildings can be made to contribute towards SD (Buildings for SD). Then it shows in
more details how this can be done through:
Materials (Building Materials for SD)
Planning & Design (Building Planning & Design for SD)
Construction & Maintenance (Building Construction & Maintenance for SD)
Use (Building Use for SD)
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Environmental degradation
Buildings against SD
Environmental degradation
Adverse impacts on bio diversity
Adverse impacts on natural drainage paths & hydrological characteristics
Adverse impacts on water cycle
Promotion of natural disasters
Environmental problems
Indoor & outdoor air pollution
Ground, air and water pollution associated with waste mismanagement
Energy consumption
Embodied energy in building materials
Energy consumption for materials transport
Energy consumption for achieving indoor thermal & visual comfort
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Now, let’s consider in more detail the adverse impacts of buildings on sustainable development:
Environmental degradation:
Adverse impacts on bio diversity: Vegetation and habitats of other living beings are adversely
affected when ground is cleared for the construction of buildings. Some of these living beings are
essential for the well being of the human beings.
Adverse impacts on natural drainage paths & hydrological characteristics: Arrival of a new
building to a particular environment alters the existing natural drainage paths, causing various
problems ranging from soil erosion to flash floods.
Adverse impacts on water cycle: A new building covers the bare ground that previously allowed
rainwater to seep into the earth, recharging the groundwater. Insufficient recharging of the
groundwater disturbs the water cycle, causing problems such as water shortages in certain times of
the year.
Promotion of natural disasters: Disturbances to natural drainage paths and to the water cycle lead
to natural disasters such as flooding and landslides.
Environmental problems: Excessive extraction of natural resources for building construction has
caused several environmental problems. Salt-water intrusion to rivers, soil erosion and riverbank
collapses due to excessive sand mining for construction in rivers are examples.
Indoor and outdoor air pollution: Buildings contribute to air pollution – both indoors and outdoors.
Toxic finishing materials causes indoor air pollution. Removal of vegetation contribute to outdoor air
pollution. Vegetation uses up carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and releases oxygen.
Ground, air and water pollution associated with waste mismanagement: Haphazard dumping of
waste generated during construction and use of a building contributes to ground, air and water
pollution.
Energy consumption:
Embodied energy in building materials: Production of certain types of building materials requires
high inputs of energy, consuming large amounts of fuels (e.g., cement, steel and clay bricks).
Energy consumption for materials transport: Transportation of building materials from production
centers to building sites consumes energy.
Energy consumption for achieving indoor thermal and visual comfort: When thermal discomfort
occurs in buildings, occupants and users use active techniques such as fans and air conditioners to
achieve acceptable thermal comfort levels. When visual discomfort occurs in buildings during
daytime, occupants and users use artificial lighting during daytime. Use of active techniques for
thermal comfort and use of artificial lighting during daytime consumes energy. Use of artificial lighting
during nighttime is unavoidable.
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Buildings for SD
Building Materials
Environment friendly materials
Locally available materials
Materials desirable for indoor thermal & visual comfort
Low embodied energy materials
High strength materials
Durable materials
Affordable materials
Recycled materials
Materials extracted or produced using energy from renewable sources
Materials extracted or produced using energy from waste fuels
Non toxic materials
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Building Use
Use of operable passive elements to improve indoor thermal & visual comfort
Organic gardening
Intelligent management of waste generated from building use
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Durable materials
Use of durable materials delays or even eliminates the need for repair of buildings. While reducing the
consumption of natural resources as building materials, durable materials contribute to lower the energy
consumption and emissions associated with quarrying and building materials production.
Affordable materials
Shelter is a basic human need and making shelter affordable to a wider section of the society, especially
to the underprivileged, is vital for sustainable development.
Recycled materials
Recycling offers an opportunity to make the maximum use out of the natural resources gone into a
particular building material. Use of recycled materials contribute to reduce the consumption of natural
resources as building materials and to lower the energy consumption and the emissions associated with
quarrying and building materials production.
Non-toxic materials
Prolonged exposure to certain modern building materials (e.g., certain adhesives and coatings) causes
health problems because they contain pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Avoid such
modern materials and, whenever possible, prefer more natural materials. Innovative use of mud plasters
is a good example.
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Desirable options with respect to Building Planning & Design can be summarized as follows:
Avoidance of environmentally sensitive locations for buildings
Multi-storey preference
Indoor thermal & visual comfort through a passive approach
Minimize heat gains
Facilitate ventilation
Daylight for visual comfort during daytime
Planning for future requirements
Efficient structural systems
Disaster resistance
Permeability of ground around building
Water detention sump
Rainwater harvesting design
Multi-storey preference
Whenever possible, select building type as multi-storey as opposed to single-storey because multi-storey
type offers sustainability benefits, such as:
Compare a multi-storey building with an equivalent single-storey building (i.e., with same floor area).
In the multi-storey building, the lower plot coverage provides more bare ground for seepage of
rainwater into the ground, reducing the surface runoff to road. So its interference to the water cycle is
less and it lowers the likelihood of flash flooding.
When the two types are compared, the multi-storey type facilitates better a passive approach for
indoor thermal and visual comfort when the building is in use. Among the key reasons for this
enhanced passive performance are:
Increased ground area for growing vegetation for creation of a thermally desirable
microclimate
Lower area of thermally most undesirable element (namely roof) when compared with an
equivalent single-storey building
Increased external surface area for provision of openings (i.e., windows) with thermally
desirable orientation and appropriate area
In tropical climates, warm indoors causes the consumption of a large amount of energy for achieving
thermal comfort through active means (e.g., fans, air-conditioners). Meanwhile, although the tropics enjoy
the sun for half a day, daily, around the year, improperly planned buildings without due attention to
daylight use requires active means (e.g., artificial lighting) to achieve indoor visual comfort during
daytime.
In order to eliminate, or at least lower this energy consumption, plan and design buildings that achieve
indoor thermal and visual comfort by way of passive means (e.g., shaded openings with desirable
orientation, use of daylight for indoor illumination during daytime).
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Minimization of heat gains into the building is critical in achieving thermally comfortable indoor
environment. Heat gains into the building are mainly two types:
Heat finding into the building across the building envelope (i.e., roof and walls) by way of conduction
Heat finding its way into the building by convection through openings (i.e., with outdoor air coming
into the building)
Direct or reflected solar radiation finding its way into the building through openings
Radiant heat gains due to exposure of building to heated bodies (e.g., roads, other buildings) or
excessive heating of elements of the building envelope, especially the roof
Heat generated inside building (e.g., use of artificial lighting that gives out heat in addition to light)
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East/west
facing opening Solar radiation with low
solar altitude so a very
long overhang is needed
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Facilitate ventilation
In tropical climatic conditions, facilitation of natural ventilation is important because ventilation promotes:
Conductive-convective heat loss from the human body
Evaporation of the skin moisture from the human body, resulting in a physiological effect of cooling
Structural cooling, paving the way for a cooler structure at the beginning of the next day
Research studies have also found out that people acclimatized to warm humid climatic conditions for
generations generally feel comfortable at relatively high indoor temperatures as high as 30oC when a
sufficient air movement up to 1m/s is available. Moreover, ventilation improves indoor air quality.
By utilizing daylight for indoor visual comfort during daytime, need for artificial lighting during daytime can
be lowered or even eliminated. While saving electricity consumed by bulbs, such use of daylight
contributes to lower the heat generated indoors by bulbs.
Disaster resistance
A building designed for resistance to a particular natural disaster (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis,
flooding) will suffer less damage in the face of that particular natural disaster. Such design will lower the
need for complete demolition or serious repairs, lowering material consumption for replacement or repair.
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Desirable options with respect to Building Construction & Maintenance can be summarized as follows:
Local techniques using manual labour
Good quality workmanship
Intelligent management of construction waste
Timely maintenance
Timely maintenance
Timely maintenance of building elements will lower the need for repair, lowering consumption of natural
resources as building materials. For example, timely painting of exposed steel elements will lower the
likelihood of corrosion.
Desirable options with respect to Building Construction & Maintenance can be summarized as follows:
Use of operable passive elements to improve indoor thermal & visual comfort
Organic gardening
Intelligent management of waste generated from building use
Use of operable passive elements to improve indoor thermal & visual comfort
Use operable passive elements appropriately to improve indoor thermal and visual comfort, lowering the
need for active means. For example, open windows for enhanced ventilation and draw up and down the
blinds provided to protect windows facing thermally undesirable orientations (i.e., east or west).
Organic gardening
Gardening offers several sustainability benefits:
Gardening is very good for health and is considered as an effective reliever of stress commonly
found among the modern society.
Mini-scale agriculture, as is the case with gardening, is unlikely to need the use of chemicals such as
pesticides and fertilizers, which are environmentally unfriendly and adversely affect biodiversity.
Consumption of such chemical-free fruits and vegetables is good for health.
Mass scale agriculture usually grows one type of vegetation in a large extent of land, hence
adversely affecting the “balance of soil fertility”, eventually leading to productivity losses. Mini-scale
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agriculture is likely to grow several types of vegetation in a small garden for home consumption, for
example.
Garden full of vegetation contributes to the desirable microclimate required for achieving indoor
thermal comfort.
EXAMPLES
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