LECTURE 2

SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE (SDLC) &
PLANNING PHASE

LEK HSIANG HUI

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture you should understand:
• What predictive SDLC and adaptive SDLC are
• The activities during the planning phase
• What Business Requirement Document (BRD) is
• How to draw activity diagrams

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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE

Can be generalized
into 2 different
approaches:
1. Predictive SDLC
2. Adaptive SDLC

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PREDICTIVE
AND ADAPTIVE
SDLC
Predictive
Planning Activity
and BRD
Phase Diagrams
Adaptive

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PREDICTIVE AND
ADAPTIVE SDLC

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When to use Predictive
SDLC?

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When to use Adaptive
SDLC?

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SDLC IN PRACTICE New approaches
evolved (together with
object-oriented
More traditional
approaches)

Predictive Adaptive
SDLC SDLC
1970s 1980s 1990s 21st Century

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SDLC IN PRACTICE

Any project you work

with will have some
predictive and some
adaptive elements

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PREDICTIVE
(TRADITIONAL)
SDLC

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PREDICTIVE SDLC APPROACH
Project Planning Phase
Planning Specifications frozen

Analysis Phase
Analysis Specifications frozen

Design Phase
Design Specifications frozen

Implementation Phase
Finished system delivered
exactly as specified
Support Phase 11
ADAPTIVE SDLC

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ADAPTIVE SDLC APPROACH
Some Analysis
Some Design
Some Implementation
More Analysis
More Design
More Implementation
Even More Analysis
Even More Design
Even More Implementation 13
IDEA OF ADAPTIVE SDLC

odel Contains many

l M
Spira
activities

• Start from the

center and work
its way outwards
• Working over and
over …. (until the
project is finished)
• Iterative
approach
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ADAPTIVE SDLC

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THE UNIFIED PROCESS LIFE CYCLE

AN EXAMPLE OF
ADAPTIVE SDLC

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THE UNIFIED PROCESS LIFE CYCLE
Four phases: Inception, Elaboration,
Construction, and Transition

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UP PHASES AND OBJECTIVES

18
PLANNING
PHASE
Predictive
Planning Activity
and BRD
Phase Diagrams
Adaptive

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PLANNING PHASE
SDLC starts
with
Planning

Involve first
understanding
the business

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UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS

Need to
understand the
business
environment and
potential
improvements
By talking to end
users, manager,
etc

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UNDERSTANDING THE BUSINESS

Would need to
document the
business vision, the
business model,
business problems,
etc

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PLANNING

Objectives:
• Develop the business
case of the project
• Establish project/product
scope
• Explore solutions
(Preliminary)

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PLANNING
1st problem:
Without knowing the
requirements, how
to estimate the
cost?!
Solution:
Do just enough
research to give a
rough estimate

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PLANNING

Identify and analyze

business
requirements

Everything is
documented into a
document for
reference

25
BUSINESS
REQUIREMENTS
DOCUMENT (BRD)
Predictive
Planning Activity
and BRD
Phase Diagrams
Adaptive

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DELIVERABLES
A single document: Business Requirements Document (BRD)
Describe business requirements
The BRD will be revised as the project progresses
Key components of the BRD produced during the planning
phase include:
• Business background
• Business problems
• Organization structure
• Project objectives
• …

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DELIVERABLES
Key components of the BRD produced during the planning
phase include:
• …
• Feasibility analysis
• Resource planning (manpower, timeline, etc)
• Team configuration
• Business processes
Business processes can be analyzed using modeling
techniques (UML)

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BUSINESS REQUIREMENT
DOCUMENT (BRD)
So it’s important
Acts as a that all the
contract requirements are
between the documented
business and completely and
the developer correctly

If a requirement
is not found in
the BRD è it’s
not part of the
contract
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RECALL: UML
Unified Modeling
Language (UML)
• Standard set of
model constructs
• Designed for
Object-Oriented
Development

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ACTIVITY
DIAGRAMS
Predictive
Planning Activity
and BRD
Phase Diagrams
Adaptive

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS
Activity diagrams is a modeling technique for
documenting the workflow in a graphical manner
• It can be used to model various activities in SDLC
• During the planning phase, it can be used for
modeling the business processes
UML defines a set of notations for activity
diagrams

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ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS ELEMENTS

Initial node: indicates where the

workflow begins
Activity: indicates a step in the process.
Notice anything about the typical
naming convention?
Control flow: an arrow showing the
direction of the workflow
Decision: a diamond symbol, indicating
a possibility of different paths
Guard condition: a condition attached to
a control flow. A guard is shown within
square brackets
Merge: model a number of alternative
flows that lead to the same activity

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 ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS ELEMENTS
Fork and Join: bars used to
document parallel
activities.
Is there any difference
between join and merge?

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NESTED ACTIVITIES

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 Staff rostering for
F&B outlet
Recommended
approach:

Use “swimlane”
to partition the
activities to
different parties

36
Process Leave application

37
UML DRAWING SOFTWARE
Free UML drawing software available
• Visual Paradigm Community Edition
(https://www.visual-
paradigm.com/download/community.jsp)
• Draw.io (https://www.draw.io/)

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39
TASK
Draw an activity diagram that models how a
customer would buy movie tickets off the counter

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TASK
What are the equipment available?
• Is there a tablet for users to choose the seats in
front of the counter or does the staff need to make
suggestions by looking at his/her screen?
Have you consider the payment options?
• Cash, NETS, Credit Card
• For each case what needs to happen?

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SUMMARY
Predictive SDLC vs Adaptive SDLC
Planning Phase Activities
Business Requirements Document
Modeling Business Processes using Activity
Diagrams

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WHAT’S NEXT?
Requirements Gathering

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