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THE EFFECT OF ROADSIDE GREEN SPACES ON WIND SPEED REDUCTION IN

THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

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© by PSP Volume 29 – No. 12/2020 pages 10465-10473
THE EFFECT OF ROADSIDE GREEN SPACES ON WIND
SPEED REDUCTION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Nadezda Stojanovic*, Mirjana Tesic, Jovana Petrovic, Dragana Corovic, Milena Vukmirovic,
Aleksandar Lisica, Uros Petrovic
Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1,
11000 Belgrade, Sеrbia
ABSTRACT
The negative influence of automobile traffic in
the urban environment is manifested in emissions of
various air pollutants (dust, soot, smog and other),
expansion of urban heat island, decreased humidity,
increased wind speed and other. Urban green spaces
and especially the ones near roads with heavy traffic,
covered with various plant material, can have a ma-
jor role in suppressing the environmental conse-
quences (influence on microclimate conditions, ab-
sorption of different pollutants, reduction of wind
speed and other) caused by the traffic. The wind is
an important environmental factor that has a direct
effect on people and other environmental factors that
together influence the state of the city's comfort.
Strong and long-lasting winds, on the other hand, can
be an important factor for city safety. In the paper,
we start from the assumption that roadside green
spaces have a positive effect on wind speed reduc-
tion in the nearby area and that the size of that effect
depends on the cover, dendrology structure and the
size of green space. The research has been conducted
on five representative green spaces along the main
traffic roads in the area of New Belgrade, a munici-
pality of Serbian capital, Belgrade. Results show
that: roadside green spaces, with surface areas rang-
ing from 0.7-1.4ha, have positive impact on wind
speed reduction, reducing it by 0.5-1.5m/s in the
nearby urban surroundings; amount of influence of
those green spaces on wind speed reduction depends
on dendrological structure and coverage of green
space; intensity of wind speed reduction is not pro-
portionate to the size of those green spaces. The re-
sults of this paper can be used for planning and es-
tablihment, as well as for maintaining this category
of green spaces in the city.
KEYWORDS:
Wind speed reduction, roadside green spaces, urban envi-
ronment
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
INTRODUCTION
The quality of life and the quality of the envi-
ronment in cities are notably affected by road
transport and traffic. The vision of lively, safe, sus-
tainable and healthy city [1] is a general and urgent
desire for most of the cities nowadays. Considering
this, the aspect that directly influence a successful
achievement of these goals refers on urban traffic
and implementation of sustainable transportation
modes [2]. Besides that, urban green spaces play a
crucial role in reducing the negative impacts of still
dominant motor traffic in cities, as well as provide a
comfortable and inviting environment for walking
and cycling.
Urban traffic has an especially negative influ-
ence on urban landscapes when it comes to the envi-
ronment. Large areas covered in asphalt and high ve-
hicle frequency affect nearby city surroundings (loss
of habitats, expansion of urban heat island, de-
creased humidity, increased amount of air pollutants,
smog, noise and other) [3]. On the other hand,
changes in existing terrain configuration (construc-
tion of pits and mounds, landscaping, terracing and
adjustment of existing terrain, clearing of existing
vegetation and other), while leveling city roads, can
have a huge impact on wind speed and direction
changes in the city [4-5].
The wind is an important environmental factor
that has a direct influence on people (causing the oc-
currence of non-communicable diseases), but also on
other environmental factors (air temperature, humid-
ity, air pollution, concentration of smog and dust,
and other) in the urban environment [6-8]. Strong
wind can be an important factor when it comes to
safety in cities, especially in traffic. Mitigation of
wind speed is usually accomplished with many dif-
ferent built structures [9], however, not only can cer-
tain urban structures very efficiently regulate air cur-
rents inside the city, but well-planned positions of
green spaces can too [10-13]. Other than regulating
wind speed, green spaces also contribute to fine in-
filtration of fresh air coming from local areas, accel-
erating natural ventilation of the urban environment
[14]. From this aspect, green spaces have special sig-
nificance as they stop, redirect and reduce wind
speed thus modifying other environmental factors in
© by PSP Volume 29 – No. 12/2020 pages 10465-10473
the nearby urban surroundings and increasing the
city’s comfort [15-17]. Gandemer (1981) [18] states
that during the previous century, many pieces of re-
search that have been done in the natural environ-
ment near the protective roadside vegetation, have
shown the efficiency of protective green spaces in
wind speed reduction.
In the mid of the past century examination of
the efficiency of wind speed reduction using various
materials (both biological and non-biological) was
performed with the help of a protective zones model
which has been tested in the air tunnels in the con-
trolled laboratory environment [19-20]. During that
time it was confirmed that the values of wind speed
reduction acquired in laboratory environment can
only be used in the field after a certain engineering
application in realistic conditions, meaning that the
results of wind speed reduction acquired in con-
trolled environment do not provide precise enough
information on wind speed reduction amount as do
results acquired through direct field research.
Later, with the development of research tech-
niques, through the application of air tunnels and nu-
merical methods, many future research [9, 21-29]
were leading towards the advancement of precision
in laboratory tests and the development of computer
simulations in following the amount of wind speed
reduction with the use of various materials.
Bitog et al. (2011) [30] have determined that
natural wind shelter, especially when it consists of
rows of trees and shrubs, is highly efficient in wind
speed reduction, but also that the amount of wind
speed reduction depends on different characteristics
of green space: tree height, width and density of
green space, crown shape and other.
Chang et al. (2007) [31] state that it is known
that urban green spaces impact environmental condi-
tions in the city, however, the differences in the size
of those impacts based on dendrological structure,
the percentage ratio of various plant covers, size of
green spaces and other, haven’t been researched
enough. They also mention that, many research
about green space influence on modification on en-
vironmental factors in the city have been performed
on large green spaces (>3ha) but that there are many
green spaces <3ha of area cover that could also have
a significant impact, which hasn’t been studied.
This paper represents the empirical field re-
search of the effect of green spaces, along main traf-
fic roads in the New Belgrade area, on wind speed
reduction in nearby city surroundings. New Belgrade
is located in the plain between Zemun and old Bel-
grade, on the left bank of the Sava River and the right
bank of the Danube, on former wetlands, in an area
with its own long history of spatial transformation
[32]. Its present-day settlement was planned and
constructed in the decades after the Second World
War [33-34], as the Functional City, applying the
principles of The Athens Charter (1933, published
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
1943). Among the principles applied was the rectan-
gular network of wide roads, along with the estab-
lishment of functional unity of all elements of mod-
ern planning, including green urban spaces. The spa-
tial spine of New Belgrade is highway that links Ser-
bia with Croatia and other countries in Western Eu-
rope. That is former The Brotherhood and Unity
Highway, today’s part of European routes E61, E70
and E75. New Belgrade faces today a high intensity
of motor traffic and all the consequences this fact en-
tails. Due to these circumstances, it is important to
use every opportunity to mitigate and minimize the
negative impacts of traffic. We start from the as-
sumption that green spaces along traffic roads (<3ha)
have a positive influence on wind speed reduction in
the nearby surroundings and that influence differs
based on the cover, dendrological structure and the
size of green space. Based on its research, this paper
holds directions for design and construction of green
spaces along traffic roads to advance their environ-
mental functions, respectively the amount of effects
on wind speed reduction, but also techniques for
planning, designing and maintaining this category of
green spaces in the city.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research of the effects amount that roadside
green spaces have on wind speed reduction in nearby
surroundings is based upon monitoring and measur-
ing of wind speed values on selected green spaces
along main traffic roads in the area of New Belgrade.
Selected roadside green spaces were choice based on
the following criteria: (1) space – as each green space
is positioned along the main traffic road, but also be-
tween traffic road and construction (buildings,
houses, etc.) it presents a unique protective zone, (2)
surface area – green spaces <3ha, (3) – availability
and presence in the field – green spaces that poses
necessary conditions for measuring wind speed dur-
ing longer periods.
Based on these criteria, along four main traffic
roads in the area of New Belgrade, as there are that
many according to city borders defined for the Mas-
ter Plan of Belgrade 2021 use, five representative
roadsiede green spaces have been selected where
wind speed measuring has been performed (Fig. 1).
The cover, dendrological structure, and appearance
of green spaces used in the experiment are shown in
Table 1.
Wind speed has been monitored and measured
during the two years in spring, summer, and autumn,
three times a day, measured twice each time. A spe-
cial instrument was used for collecting this data –
digital cup vane anemometer type AM 4220 – Lu-
tron, Taiwan (measurement range 0.1-35m/s with
0.1m/s resolution). Data collecting was done
© by PSP Volume 29 – No. 12/2020 pages 10465-10473
TABLE 1
The characteristics of the sample roadside green spaces used in experiment
in two different locations on each green space (in
front of the green space, closer to the road and be-
hind the green space, closer to the buildings). It was
paid close attention to the distance between the
measuring locations and the buildings as to not
cause the rebound effect during measuring, because
of the structures. All measurements were per-
formed before noon, during the workdays, at
130cm above ground level at the same time, during
the entire year. On each of the five representative
green spaces, data was collected 36 times during
the two years, namely 18 times a year, or more pre-
cisely 6 times during spring, summer and autumn
with 3 series of two consecutive measurements.
The value of the effects of roadside green
spaces on wind speed reduction is calculated as the
difference of the mean wind speed values, which
were measured in front of and behind representative
roadside green spaces. By establishing the im-
portance of the difference in the mean wind speed
values, measured in front of and behind the repre-
sentative green spaces, we establish the value of the
effects of sample green spaces along traffic roads on
wind speed reduction. Related-pairs t-test was used
to establish the importance of the difference in the
measured mean wind speed values. Research results
processing has been done in the IBM SPSS program.
In statistics data processing we started with the as-
sumption that there are no statistically significant
differences (p>0.05) between mean values of wind
speed, measured in front of and behind representa-
tive roadside green spaces, among the sample green
spaces along the traffic roads.
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
Researching effects of roadside green spaces on
wind speed reduction was performed based on:
green space cover – based on the research results of
Chаng et al. (2007) [31], the cover of green spaces
was taken into account (green space cover percent-
age with trees, trees and shrubs, shrubs, lawns, and
pavement). For calculating the cover area of green
spaces along traffic roads and surface area of green
spaces, georeferenced aerial photography (Town
Planning Institute of Belgrade, 2011) was used,
along with the software packet MapInfo Professional
11.5; Dendrological structures – determination of
woody taxa was achieved with the help of literature
sources: Krüssmann (1986) [35], Vukićević (1996)
[36], Jovanović (2000) [37] and Cvjetičanin et al.
(2016) [38]. The nomenclature was regulated with
Flora Europaea (Flora Europaea Database) and
GRIN Taxonomy for Plants.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Along the main traffic roads in the New Bel-
grade area (International European route E75,
Mihajlo Pupin Boulevard, Nikola Tesla Boulevard,
and Tošin Bunar main street), wind speed measuring
was performed on 5 representative green spaces,
both in front of (along the road) and behind green
spaces (Table 2). Based on the results, correlations
between mean values of wind speed, measured in
front of and behind green spaces, and their statistical
importance are shown as well (Table 3).
© by PSP Volume 29 – No. 12/2020 pages 10465-10473
FIGURE 1
Sheme of Belgrade city and location of sample green spaces used in this experiment
The first sample roadside green space (RGS1)
serves, with its position along the Nikola Tesla
Boulevard, as a protective zone with the surface area
of 0.7ha. On this location, all measurements have
shown different wind speed values in front of and
behind the green space. That difference ranged from
0.1m/s (the smallest measured value) to 3.2m/s (the
greatest measured value). During the two years, the
mean wind speed value measured in front of this
green space (RGS1) was 1.2±0.98m/s and behind the
green space was 0.3±0.07m/s. Related-pairs t-test
has shown an important statistical difference be-
tween mean wind speed values measured in front of
and behind this green space (p<0.01). For this road-
side green space, a mean value of 0.9m/s for wind
speed difference has been established. This green
space (RGS1) has the greatest cover percentage of
trees and shrubs (64.21%), followed by trees
(16.31%), lawn (6.68%) and pavement (12.80%).
Percent ratio of trees and shrubs taxa is
63.6%:36.4%, while the percent ratio of evergreen
and deciduous taxa is 27.3%:72.8%.
The second roadside green space (RGS2) is lo-
cated along the Mihajlo Pupin Boulevard in the New
Belgrade, with the surface area of 1.4ha. Same as
with the previous green space (RGS1), this roadside
green space (RGS2) also serves as a protective zone
with its position relative to the traffic road. In all
measuring sequences, a difference in wind speed
value, when measured in front of and behind the
roadside green space, has been established. The
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
smallest difference value measured was 0.1m/s,
while the greatest one was 3.4m/s. The mean value
of wind speed, measured during the two years, in
front of the green space, was 1.1m/s±0.90m/s and be-
hind the green space, it was 0.3m/s±0.08m/s. It has
been established that the correlation between wind
speed values, measured in front of and behind the
green space, is great and statistically significant
(p<0.01). The mean value of the difference in wind
speed is 0.8m/s for this green space. Roadside green
space (RGS2) is covered in the greatest percentage
with pavement (33.62%), then lawn (22.75%), trees
(21.19%), trees and shrubs (19.05%) and shrubs
(3.39%). Percent ratio of evergreen, semi-evergreen
and deciduous species here is 15.4%:15.4%:69.2%,
while the percent ratio of tree and shrub taxa is
53.8%:46.2%.
The third roadside green space (RGS3), with a
surface area of 1.2ha, is located along the Mihajlo
Pupin Boulevard. This green space is located next to
the administrative-residential building complex and,
relative to the traffic road, it also serves as a protec-
tive zone. All measuring sequences in this green
space also showed differences in wind speed value
when measured in front of and behind the green
space. The smallest measured value of the difference
in wind speed was 0.1m/s, while the greatest one was
1.3m/s. The mean value of wind speed, measured in
front of the roadside green space (RGS3), was
0.7m/s±0.58m/s, and behind the green space, it was
0.2 m/s ±0.3m/s. It has been confirmed that the
© by PSP Volume 29 – No. 12/2020 pages 10465-10473
TABLE 2
Results of wind speed measuring on 5 sample roadside green spaces
W1–Wind speed in front of green space; W2–Wind speed behind the green space; Wt – mean value of difference in wind speed
measured in front of and behind the roadside green space
correlation between wind speed values, measured in
front of and behind the green space, is great and sta-
tistically significant (p<0.01). The mean value of the
difference in wind speed, for this green space, is
0.5m/s. The greatest cover percentage on this green
space goes to the pavement (33.98%), then there are
trees and shrubs (31.62%), lawn (20.20%) and trees
(14.20%). The percentage ratio of evergreen and de-
ciduous species and tree and shrub taxa is
18.2%:81.8%.
The location of the fourth roadside green space
(RGS4), with a surface area of 0.7ha, is along the
Tošin Bunar main street. The same as with the pre-
vious green spaces, in all the measuring sequences
on this roadside green space (RGS4), the difference
in values of wind speed in front of and behind the
green spaces has been recorded. The smallest differ-
ence value of wind speed was 0.1m/s, while the
greatest one was 3.0m/s. The mean value of wind
speed, in two years, measured 1.1m/s±071m/s in
front of the green space and 0.3m/s±0.36m/s behind
the green space. Correlation between wind speed
values measured in front of and behind the roadside
green space (RGS4) is great and statistically signifi-
cant (p<0.01). The mean difference value of this
green space is 0.8m/s. The greatest cover percentage,
for this green space, hold trees (51.55%), after which
are lawn (31.10%), and pavement (17.35%). This
green space consists of 100% deciduous tree taxa.
The fifth representative roadside green space
(RGS5) where wind speed measurements were
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
taken, with a surface area of 1.2ha, is located along
the international European route E75. With its posi-
tion relative to the traffic road and residential build-
ings, it serves as protection from the negative influ-
ence of the traffic road. Smaller values of wind speed
have been established during the consecutive meas-
uring performed behind this green space as well. The
smallest difference value of wind speed, measured in
front of and behind this green space, was 0.2m/s, and
the greatest was 2.9m/s. The mean value of wind
speed, measured during two years, was
2.0m/s±0.98m/s in front of this green space, and
0.5m/s±0.65m/s behind it. Correlation of mean val-
ues of wind speed, measured in front of and behind
the green space, is great and statistically significant
(p<0.01). The mean difference value of wind speed
is 1.5m/s for this green space. Trees and shrubs hold
the greatest cover percentage on this green space
(53.37%) with trees being next (46.63%). The per-
centage ratio of evergreen and deciduous species
here is 7.7%:92,3%, while the percentage ratio be-
tween tree and shrub species is 61.5%:38.5%.
The study conducted on 5 representative green
spaces, along the main traffic roads in the New Bel-
grade area, on wind speed reduction, shows that
those green spaces influence wind speed reduction in
the nearby surroundings. Statistically significant dif-
ferences in the mean wind speed values (p<0.01)
have been established on all sample green spaces
along the traffic roads, which were measured in front
of (side closer to the road) and behind (side closer to
© by PSP Volume 29 – No. 12/2020 pages 10465-10473 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

TABLE 3
Statistical parametars of the effects of roadside green spaces on wind speed reduction
ROADSIDE GREEN SPACE (RGS1) x N S SS Correlation Sig.
Wind speed in front of green space (m/s) 1.2 36 0.98 0.16
0.671 0.000
Wind speed behind the green space (m/s) 0.3 36 0.44 0.07
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Wind speed in front and behind of x S Ss t df Sig.
Lower Upper
green space (m/s)
0.89 0.76 0.13 0.64 1.15 7.06 35 0.000
ROADSIDE GREEN SPACE (RGS2) x N S SS Correlation Sig.
Wind speed in front of green space (m/s) 1.1 36 0.90 0.15
0.618 0.000
Wind speed behind the green space (m/s) 0.3 36 0.47 0.08
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Wind speed in front and behind of x S Ss t df Sig.
Lower Upper
green space (m/s)
0.81 0.72 0.12 0.57 1.05 6.80 35 0.000
ROADSIDE GREEN SPACE (RGS3) x N S SS Correlation Sig.
Wind speed in front of green space (m/s) 0.7 36 0.58 0.10
0.717 0.000
Wind speed behind the green space (m/s) 0.2 36 0.30 0.05
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Wind speed in front and behind of x S Ss t df Sig.
Lower Upper
green space (m/s)
0.53 0.42 0.07 0.38 0.67 7.42 35 0.000
ROADSIDE GREEN SPACE (RGS4) x N S SS Correlation Sig.
Wind speed in front of green space (m/s) 1.1 36 0.71 0.12
0.538 0.001
Wind speed behind the green space (m/s) 0.3 36 0.36 0.06
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Wind speed in front and behind of x S Ss t df Sig.
Lower Upper
green space (m/s)
0.83 0.60 0.10 0.62 1.03 8.22 35 0.000
ROADSIDE GREEN SPACE (RGS5) x N S SS Correlation Sig.
Wind speed in front of green space (m/s) 2.0 36 0.98 0.16
0.562 0.000
Wind speed behind the green space (m/s) 0.5 36 0.65 0.11
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Wind speed in front and behind of x S Ss t df Sig.
Lower Upper
green space (m/s)
1.47 0.81 0.14 1.20 1.75 10.86 35 0.000

the residential buildings) those green spaces. These
results confirm claims of Chаng et al. (2007) [31]
that urban green spaces, with surface area around
1ha, can have a significant influence on modifying
the environmental conditions in the nearby surround-
ings, but also claims of Bitog et al. (2011) [30] that
the natural wind protection, especially when it con-
sists of tree and shrub rows, is highly efficient in
wind speed reduction.
The research shows that the mean difference
values of wind speed vary upon the surface area size
of the sample green spaces. The mean values of wind
speed reduction of sample green spaces with a sur-
face area of 0.7ha, were 0.8-0.9m/s, while that value
is 0.5-1.5m/s on the green spaces with a surface area
of 1.2-1.4ha. Respectively, studies show that the
amount of effects of sample green spaces on wind
speed reduction in the nearby surroundings is not
proportionate to their surface area size.
Roadside green spaces RGS1 and RGS4, with
a surface area of 0.7ha, which reduce wind speed by
0.8-0.9m/s, are covered in trees and shrubs, and trees
in the relation 64.21%:16.31% (RGS1) and trees
51.55% (RGS4). Both green spaces have pavement
cover percentages below 17.35% and lawn cover
percentage below 31.10%. Both green spaces are
covered with tall deciduous tree taxa (Acer negundo
L., Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Atropurpureum’, Betula
pendula Roth, Gleditsia triacanthos L., Populus
alba L., Populus simonii Carrière, Prunus cerasifera
Ehrh., Tilia tomentosa Moench., Ulmus laevis Pall.,
Ulmus pumila L.), with more than 85.71%. On the
roadside green space (RGS1), with the surface area
of 0.7ha, a greater mean value of wind speed reduc-
tion was measured (0.9m/s), than the mean value of
wind speed reduction on the green space (RGS4)
with the same surface area, which measured 0.8m/s.
Roadside green space (RGS1) is covered with 36.4%
shrub species and 63.6% trees, with the evergreen to
deciduous taxa ratio being 27.3%72.8%, while the
green space (RGS4) is 100% covered with deciduous
tree species.
The smallest wind speed reduction (0.5m/s)
was measured on the roadside green space (RGS3),
with the surface area of 1.2ha. This green space has
the greatest percentage cover of pavement (33.98%)
and lawn (20.20%), while the percentage cover of
trees and shrubs is 31.62% and of trees is 14.20%.
Recorded tree species in the field were tall deciduous
(Acer saccharinum L., Juglans regia L., Koelreu-
teria paniculata Laxm., Platanus ×acerifolia (Ai-
ton) Willd., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia ×eu-
chlora K. Koch, Tilia tomentosa Moench) and conif-
erous tree (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G. Manetti ex
Carrière, Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G.

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Don) taxa with 81.8%:18.2% percentage ratio. Rec-
orded shrub species were Philadelphus coronarius
L. and Tamarix tetrandra Pall. ex M. Bieb. The per-
centage ratio of a number of taxa for trees and shrubs
here is 83.32:16.67.
There is a compatibility between the results of
measuring wind speed reduction in relation to the
surface area size and a cover of the green space on
roadside reen spaces (RGS3) and (RGS2). On the
green space (RGS2), with a surface area of 1.4ha, the
mean value of wind speed of 0.8m/s has been estab-
lished. This green space has the greatest percentage
cover of pavement (33.62%) and lawn (22.75%),
while the percentage cover of trees and shrubs is
19.05%, of trees is 21.19%, and of shrubs is 3.39%.
Tall deciduous (Betula pendula Roth, Carpinus bet-
ulus L., Celtis occidentalis L., Corylus colurna L.,
Platanus ×acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.) and coniferous
trees (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold, Pinus strobus L.) taxa
are present here as well. Present shrub species here
are: Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne., Forsythia ×in-
termedia Zabel, Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl,
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk., Spiraea ×vanhouttei
(Briot) Carriere). The percentage ratio of numbers of
tree and shrub taxa is 53.74:46.26.
The greatest wind speed reduction was meas-
ured on the green space (GS5) with a surface area of
1.2ha. This green space is covered with trees and
shrubs (53.37%), and trees (43.63%), respectively, it
is covered 100% with trees and shrubs. The percent-
age ratio between evergreen and deciduous species
here is 7.7%:92.3%, while the percentage ratio be-
tween tree and shrub taxa is 61.5%-38.%. Recorded
species of trees are: Acer platanoides L., Acer pseu-
doplatanus L., Celtis occidentalis L., Schneid., Cor-
ylus colurna L., Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh., Ko-
elreuteria paniculata Laxm., Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold
and Populus alba L., and recorded shrub species are:
Berberis vulgaris L., Cercis siliquastrum L., Coto-
neaster zabelii C. K. Hibiscus syriacus L. and Phil-
adelphus coronarius L.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the comparative analysis of values of
wind speed reduction on 5 sample roadside green
spaces along the main traffic roads in the area of
New Belgrade, depending on their surface area,
cover percentage (of trees, trees and shrubs, shrubs,
lawns, and pavement) and dendrological structure,
the following conclusions can be made:
− The difference value of wind reduction
measured in front of and behind the sample green
spaces (<3ha) possesses statistical importance of
0.01 level, which confirms that sample green spaces
have a positive influence on wind speed reduction in
nearby city surroundings.
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Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
− Sample green spaces with a surface area of
0.7-1.4ha can reduce wind speed from 0.1m/s (small-
est measured value) to 3.4m/s (greatest measured
value).
− The amount of influence of sample green
spaces on wind speed reduction in nearby surround-
ings is not proportionate to their surface area size.
− The amount of wind speed reduction de-
pends on trees, trees and shrubs, shrubs, lawns and
pavement cover percentages of green space, but it
also depends on the dendrological structure of the
green space.
− Larger wind speed reduction has been es-
tablished in the sample green spaces covered with
tall deciduous and coniferous tree taxa.
− Sample green spaces, with a surface area of
0.7ha, cause wind speed to reduce by 0.8-0.9m/s.
More efficient wind speed reduction of green spaces
with surface area of 0.7ha is present when over 80%
of its cover consists of tall deciduous (Acer pseudo-
platanus ‘Atropurpureum’, Betula pendula Roth,
Gleditsia triacanthos L., Populus alba L., Populus
simonii Carrière, Tilia tomentosa Moench., Ulmus
laevis Pall., Ulmus pumila L.) and coniferous trees
(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and shrubs.
− Green spaces with a surface area of 1.2-
1.4ha with over 50% lawn and pavement cover have
a smaller wind speed reduction value (0.5-0.8m/s).
− The greatest wind speed reduction value
(1.5m/s) on sample green spaces has been measured
on the green space (1.2ha) with 100% trees and trees
and shrubs cover.
− Greater wind speed reduction can be
achieved through the construction of green spaces
with 50-100% tree and shrub crown cover.
− Green spaces covered over 30% with the
devastated surface have a much smaller wind speed
reduction value in the nearby city surroundings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was realized as a part of the project
"Studying climate change and its influence on the en-
vironment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation"
(43007) financed by the Ministry of Education and
Science of the Republic of Serbia within the frame-
work of integrated and interdisciplinary research for
the period 2011-2020.
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