Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Architecture
TOPICS COVERED
Course schedule
Course objectives
Course resources and textbooks
Grading system
Introduction
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General information
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Course Objective
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Textbooks
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Grading System
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Content Coverage
What is a computer?
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What is Computer Organization and
Architecture?
It is the study of internal working, structuring and
implementation of A computer system.
Architecture in Computer system Refers To the Externally
Visual attributes Of the system.
Organization Of computer System results In realization Of
architectural Specifications of A computer system .
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Overview
Computer organization
physical aspects of computer systems.
E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
How does a computer work?
Computer architecture
Logical aspects of system as seen by the programmer.
E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types,
addressing modes.
How do I design a computer?
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Application Areas
General-Purpose Laptop/Desktop
Productivity, interactive graphics, video, audio
Optimize price-performance
Examples: Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon XP
Embedded Computers
PDAs, cell-phones, sensors => Price, Energy efficiency
Examples: Intel XScale, StrongARM (SA-110)
Game Machines, Network uPs => Price-Performance
Examples: Sony Emotion Engine, IBM 750FX
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Application Areas
Commercial Servers
Database, transaction processing, search engines
Performance, Availability, Scalability
Server downtime could cost a brokerage company more
than $6M/hour
Examples: Sun Fire 15K, IBM p690, Google Cluster
Scientific Applications
Protein Folding, Weather Modeling, CompBio, Defense
Floating-point arithmetic, Huge Memories
Examples: IBM DeepBlue,
BlueGene, Cray T3E, etc.
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von Neumann Architecture /Harvard Architecture
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Functional units of a computer
Input unit accepts Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU):
information: •Performs the desired
•Human operators, operations on the input
•Electromechanical devices (keyboard) information as determined
•Other computers by instructions in the memory
Memory Arithmetic
Input Instr1 & Logic
Instr2
Instr3
Data1
Output Data2 Control
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Information in a computer -- Instructions
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Information in a computer -- Data
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Input unit
Binary information must be presented to a computer in a specific format. This
task is performed by the input unit:
- Interfaces with input devices.
- Accepts binary information from the input devices.
- Presents this binary information in a format expected by the computer.
- Transfers this information to the memory or processor.
Real world Computer
Memory
Keyboard
Audio input
Input Unit
……
Processor
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Memory unit
Memory unit stores instructions and data.
Recall, data is represented as a series of bits.
To store data, memory unit thus stores bits.
Processor reads instructions and reads/writes data from/to
the memory during the execution of a program.
In theory, instructions and data could be fetched one bit at a
time.
In practice, a group of bits is fetched at a time.
Group of bits stored or retrieved at a time is termed as “word”
Number of bits in a word is termed as the “word length” of a
computer.
In order to read/write to and from memory, a processor
should know where to look:
“Address” is associated with each word location.
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Memory unit (contd..)
Processor reads/writes to/from memory based on the
memory address:
Access any word location in a short and fixed amount of time
based on the address.
Random Access Memory (RAM) provides fixed access time
independent of the location of the word.
Access time is known as “Memory Access Time”.
Memory and processor have to “communicate” with each
other in order to read/write information.
In order to reduce “communication time”, a small amount of
RAM (known as Cache) is tightly coupled with the processor.
Modern computers have three to four levels of RAM units with
different speeds and sizes:
Fastest, smallest known as Cache
Slowest, largest known as Main memory.
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Memory unit (contd..)
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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
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Output unit
•Computers represent information in a specific binary form. Output units:
- Interface with output devices.
- Accept processed results provided by the computer in specific binary form.
- Convert the information in binary form to a form understood by an
output device.
Memory Printer
Graphics display
Speakers
……
Output Unit
Processor
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Control unit
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How are the functional units connected?
•For a computer to achieve its operation, the functional units need to
communicate with each other.
•In order to communicate, they need to be connected.
Bus
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Organization of cache and main memory
Main Cache
memory memory Processor
Bus
Why is the access time of the cache memory lesser than the
access time of the main memory?
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Computer Components: Top-Level View
Basic Operational Concepts
A Partial Program Execution Example
A Partial Program Execution Example
Interrupt
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Classifying ISAs
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Stack
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Accumulator
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Register
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Common Addressing Modes
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What leads to a good/bad ISA?
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Implementation Concerns
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ISA Compatibility
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CISC vs. RISC
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RISC vs. CISC Arguments
• RISC
Simple Implementation
• Load/store, fixed-format 32-bit instructions,
efficient pipelines
Lower CPI
Compilers do a lot of the hard work
• MIPS = Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined
Stages
CISC
Simple Compilers (assists hand-coding, many addressing
modes, many instructions)
Code Density
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After the dust settled
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