Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction to Computer
Organization
ThS. Lê Ngọc Kim Khánh
Resource
u “Computer Organization,” by Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and Safwat
Zaky. Fifth Edition McGraw-Hill, 2002. (chapter A1)
u Hennessy, John L., and David A. Patterson. Computer architecture: a
quantitative approach. Elsevier, 2011. (chapter 1)
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What is a computer?
u Simply put, a computer is a sophisticated electronic calculating machine that:
u Accepts input information,
u Processes the information according to a list of internally stored instructions and
u Produces the resulting output information.
u Functions performed by a computer are:
u Accepting information to be processed as input.
u Storing a list of instructions to process the information.
u Processing the information according to the list of instructions.
u Providing the results of the processing as output.
Memory
Arithmetic
Input
Instr1 & Logic
Instr2
Instr3
Data1
Output Data2 Control
I/O Processor
Stores
information: Control unit coordinates
Output unit sends various actions
results of processing: •Instructions,
•Data •Input,
•To a monitor display, •Output
•To a printer •Processing
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Input unit
Binary information must be presented to a computer in a specific format. This
task is performed by the input unit:
- Interfaces with input devices.
- Accepts binary information from the input devices.
- Presents this binary information in a format expected by the computer.
- Transfers this information to the memory or processor.
Computer
Real world
Memory
Input Unit
Keyboard Processor
Audio input
7 ……
Memory unit
u Memory unit stores instructions and data.
u Recall, data is represented as a series of bits.
u To store data, memory unit thus stores bits.
u Processor reads instructions and reads/writes data from/to the
memory during the execution of a program.
u In theory, instructions and data could be fetched one bit at a
time.
u In practice, a group of bits is fetched at a time.
u Group of bits stored or retrieved at a time is termed as “word”
u Number of bits in a word is termed as the “word length” of a
computer.
u In order to read/write to and from memory, a processor should know
where to look:
u “Address” is associated with each word location.
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Output unit
•Computers represent information in a specific binary form. Output units:
- Interface with output devices.
- Accept processed results provided by the computer in specific binary form.
- Convert the information in binary form to a form understood by an
output device.
Memory Printer
Graphics display
Speakers
……
Output Unit
Processor
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Control unit
u Operation of a computer can be summarized as:
u Accepts information from the input units (Input unit).
u Stores the information (Memory).
u Processes the information (ALU).
u Provides processed results through the output units (Output unit).
u Operations of Input unit, Memory, ALU and Output unit are coordinated by
Control unit.
u Instructions control “what” operations take place (e.g. data transfer,
processing).
u Control unit generates timing signals which determines “when” a particular
operation takes place.
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Bus
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Main Cache
memory memory Processor
Bus
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Discussion
1. Why is the access time of the cache memory lesser than the access time of
the main memory?
2. What is turing computer?
3. When we say one computer is faster than another, what do we mean?
4. Computer classification?
5. History of computer?
6. What is CPU clocking?