COMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE
Dr. K. Chidambarathanu
Associate Professor
Department of Information Technology
R.M.K. Engineering College
TYPICAL COMPUTER

Processing
Input Unit Output

Memory
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTERS

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HOW A COMPUTER LOOKS

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INPUT DEVICES
 These are electromechanical devices that allow the users to
feed information into computer for analysis, storage and to
give commands to the central processing unit.
 Data and instructions are entered into memory of a
computer through the input devices. It captures
information and translates it into a form that can be
processed by the CPU.
 Computer accepts the input in two ways:
 Manual Entry: The user enters the data into the computer by
hand (E.g.: keyboard and mouse).
 Direct Entry: Information is fed into the computer automatically
from the source document (like barcode).
Example: Scanners.
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INPUT DEVICES

KEYBOARD MOUSE TOUCH PAD

BARCODE
SCANNER
MICROPHONE SCANNER

JOYSTICK WEBCAM TRACKBALL

OUTPUT DEVICES
 The computers can communicate with human
beings using output devices.
 Output devices take machine – coded output
results from the CPU and convert them into a
form that is easily readable (such as graphical,
characters, or audio visual) by human beings.
 The outputs are in the form of hard copy and soft
copy. The physical form of output is known as
hard copy. The electronic version of an output,
which usually resides in the computer memory
and / or on disk, is known as soft copy.
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OUTPUT DEVICES

MONITOR PRINTER SPEAKERS

HEADPHONES PLOTTER PROJECTOR

CPU CABINET

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PROCESSING UNIT

PROCESSOR

RAM

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MOTHER BOARD HARD DISK

AUXILIARY PARTS

VIDEO CARD SOUND CARD NETWORK CARD

FLOPPY DRIVE
CD DRIVE 11
APPLICATION – WALK THROUGH

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APPLICATION – WALK THROUGH

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APPLICATION – WALK THROUGH
 ROM chip in motherboard holds a firmware called BIOS,
(Basic Input Output System), which the CPU first starts
executing at power on.
 All firmware performs initialization of the hardware, typically
provides some diagnostic output (POST), and provides a way
for the user to configure the hardware, then locates and loads
the boot loader, which in turn locates and loads the OS.
 BIOS simply loads and executes the first sector of the hard
disk, called the Master Boot Record, which contains a DOS
partition table listing the locations of the partitions on the
disk, and leaves some space for the boot loader.
 Recent PC motherboards has EFI firmware instead of BIOS
used on Intel Macs. A dedicated partition that holds boot
loader files, and the firmware is smart enough to find those
files and load one instead of just loading and executing 14
whatever is in the first sector of the disk.
APPLICATION – WALK THROUGH AT
MOTHER BOARD
RAM
Process Paint1
Process PPT 1
LOADER Process Paint 2

Process Word 2
Process PPT 2
SCHEDULER
Process 1 Process Paint 4

Process 2
Process 3
Application
Process 4
.
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.
APPLICATION – WALK THROUGH AT
PROCESSOR
 Processing takes place at CPU with the
help of electronic circuitry.
 CPU has 3 main components
 Control Unit
 Registers
 Arithmetic / Logic Unit

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CONTROL UNIT
 It fetches program instruction from the
primary storage unit
 Interprets

 Ensures execution of the instruction by

sending control signals to others units.

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CPU REGISTERS
 Registers are special-
purpose, high-speed
temporary memory
units that hold data,
instructions, addresses,
and the intermediate
results of calculations.
 Register is CPU’s
working memory.

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ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT
 ALU contains the electronic circuitry that
executes all arithmetic and logic operations.
 The data required to perform the arithmetic and
logical functions stored in designated registers.

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1. Fill in the blank in the diagram.

a) Input Unit
b) Memory Unit
c) Control Unit
d) I/O Unit
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 2. Which unit is responsible for converting the
data received from the user into a computer
understandable format?

a) Memory Unit
b) Arithmetic & Logic Unit
c) Input Unit
d) Output Unit

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3. The only language which the computer
understands is ______________
a) Assembly Language
b) Binary Language
c) BASIC
d) C Language

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4. Which of the following is not a function of the
Input Unit?
a) It reads instructions and data from the outside
world
b) It converts the data into computer acceptable
format
c) It makes the data into user understandable
format
d) It supplies the data and instructions to the
computer for further processing

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5. The ALU gives the output of the operations and
the output is stored in the ________
a) Memory Devices
b) Registers
c) Flags
d) Output Unit

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6. ALU is the place where the actual executions of
instructions take place during the processing
operation.
a) True
b) False

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