Looking inside

the computer
WHAT IS COMPUTER?

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 FUN FACT!
Computers was only built to be a
calculator. It was born not for
entertainment or email but out of a need to
solve a serious number crunching crisis.

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WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic
device (programmable device)
that is used for proccessing
information and is capable of
calculating and storing
information (results).

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THE PROCESSOR
Process the instruction /
procedure that transforms
raw data into useful one.

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 To perform
transformation,
computer used 2
components:

 Processor
 Memory
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 THE PROCESSOR
 Brain of the computer
 Organizes and carries out instructions that
come from either the user or the software.
 is a small chip that resides in computers and
other electronic devices. Its basic job is to
receive input and provide the
appropriate output. While this may seem like a
simple task, modern processors can handle
trillions of calculations per second.
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 THE PROCESSOR
 Processor is usually consist of two or more
microprocessors.
Microprocessor
✘ Silvers of silicon or other material etched
with many tiny electronic circuits.
✘ It is plugged into the computer’s motherboard.
✘ heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine,
a server or a laptop.
✘ A component that performs the instructions and tasks involved in
computer processing.
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 Motherboard
 Rigid rectangular card containing
the circuitry that connects the
processor to the mother
hardware.
 The motherboard is the
main circuit board of your
computer and is also known as
the mainboard or logic board.
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Personal Computer Processor
Single chip or sets of chips contained
on a circuit board.

Powerful Computer Processor

The processor consist of many chips
and the circuit board on which they are
mounted.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Refers to a computers processor and
people often refer to the computer
systems by the type of CPU they
contain.
 The unit which performs most of the
processing inside a computer. To
control instructions and data flow to
and from other parts of the computer,
the CPU relies heavily on a chipset,
which is a group of microchips located
on the motherboard.
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2 COMPONENTS OF CPU
 Control Unit: extracts
instructions from memory
and decodes and executes
them

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

handles arithmetic and
logical operations
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 The Memory
✘ Electronic scratch pad inside the
computer.
✘ Launching a program and data
used by the program is run and
located to memory for fast
access.
✘ It is any physical device capable
of storing information
temporarily 14
 Byte
 Common measurement
of unit of memory
 The amount of memory
it takes to store a single
character, such as
letters of the alphabet
or the numeral.
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 UNITS OF MEASURE FOR
COMPUTER MEMORY AND
STORAGE

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 3 Parts of
Computer where
all Computer
Processing takes
place:
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 1.ALU (ALGORITHMIC LOGIC UNIT)

The ALU perform all

arithmetic operations and
logical processes required
to solve a computer
problem.

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 ✘ Little supervisor of the CPU.
2.CONTROL UNIT ✘ Directs and coordinates the
operation of the entire computer
according to the instructions laid
out in the program.
✘ Interprets the instructions, gets
data to be used in each
transactions and relays the
appropriate commands to other
parts of the hardware where
action is to take place.
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 3.MEMORY
✘ The storage area of the
hardware which contains the
program and data being
worked by the computer.
✘ You can also call it "primary
memory" or "main
memory“.
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The Main Memory Contains Two
Types of Memory

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1. ROM (Read Only Memory)
✘ Contain all system programs that
are used for start up operations
✘ Type of storage medium that permanently
stores data on personal computers (PCs) and
other electronic devices. It contains the programming
needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it
performs major input/output tasks and holds programs
or software instructions.

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2.RAM (Random Access Memory)
✘ Stores data that can either be read
(retrieved for use in processing) or
written to (store data)
✘ is the hardware in a computing device where the
operating system (OS), application programs and
data in current use are kept so they can be quickly
reached by the device's processor.

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROM AND RAM
RAM
✘ Volatile(maintains its data while the
device is powered)
✘ Stores information Requires flow of
electricity to retain data
✘ Large size with higher capacity
✘ Used for both read and write
✘ Very fast but uses a lot of power
✘ Used in CPU cache, primary memory
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ROM
✘ Non-Volatile (does not lose content
when power is lost)
✘ Stores information permanently
✘ Does not require flow of electricity to
retain data
✘ Small size with less capacity
✘ Used only for reading
✘ Fast but uses very little power
✘ Used in firmware, microcontrollers
 Input and
Output
Devices
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 “
A computer would be useless if you
could not interact with it, because
computer could not receive
instructions and deliver the result of
its work.

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 Input and Output Devices
Input and output devices allow the
computer system to interact with the
outside world by moving data into and out
of the system.

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 Input and Output Devices
Input/output devices are usually called I/O devices. They are
directly connected to an electronic module inside the systems
unit called a device controller. For example, the speakers of a
multimedia computer system are directly connected to a device
controller called an audio card (such as a Soundblaster), which
in turn is connected to the rest of the system.

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INPUT DEVICES
 Accept data and information from the
users or from another computer (such
as computer on the internet).

 It is a piece of computer hardware

equipment used to provide data and
control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer
or information appliance.
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 1. Keyboard
 A human interface device which is
represented as a layout of buttons.
Each button, or key, can be used to
either input a linguistic character to a
computer, or to call upon a particular
function of the computer.

 Using a keyboard users can enter lots

of data through process called typing.
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 2. Mouse
 A mouse interacts with a computer through a
process known as "point and click."

 The concept of a computer mouse has its

roots in the trackball, a related pointing
device invented in 1946 that used a "roller
ball" to control a pointer. Most modern
computer mice have two buttons for clicking
and a wheel in the middle for scrolling up and
down documents and web pages.
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 3. Touchpad
Also known as a trackpad, a touchpad is
a common substitute for a computer
mouse. It is essentially a specialized surface
that can detect the movement of a user's
finger and use that information to direct a
pointer and control a computer. Touchpads
were first introduced for laptops in the
1990s, and it's now rare to find a laptop
without one.
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 4. Scanner
an input device that uses optical
technology to transfer images (or
sometimes text) into a computer,
where the signal is converted into a
digital image. The digital image can
then be viewed on a monitor
screen, saved, edited, emailed, or
printed.
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 5. Digital Camera
Digital cameras are used to
capture photographs and
videos independently. Later,
these photo and video files can
be transferred to a computer.

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 6. Microphone
A microphone captures audio and
sends it to a computer where it is
converted to a digital format. Once
the audio has been digitized, it can be
played back, copied, edited, uploaded,
or emailed. Microphones can also be
used to record audio or to relay
sounds live as part of a video chat or
audio stream.
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 7. Joystick
Joysticks are commonly used to control
characters and vehicles in computer
video games. Essentially, a joystick is a
handle that pivots on a base and sends
its angle or direction to the computer as
data. Many video gaming joysticks
feature triggers and buttons that can be
pressed to use weapons or projectiles in
games.
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 8. Graphic Tablet
Also known as digitizers,
graphic tablets are input devices
used for converting hand-drawn
artwork into digital images. The
user draws with a stylus on a
special flat surface as if they were
drawing on a piece of paper.
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 9. Webcam
Webcams are different from digital
cameras in two ways. Firstly, they
cannot operate independently from
a computer, and second, they have
no built-in memory. Although
webcams can capture photographs
and videos, they are more often
used to live-stream videos or
facilitate video chats.
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OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any
piece of computer hardware
equipment which converts
information into human-
readable form. It can be
text, graphics, tactile, audio,
and video
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 1. Computer Monitor
A computer monitor is a visual
screen display unit and it is the
most common example of an
output device. All monitors work
with your computer video card to
show a real-time picture of what
your computer’s operating system,
programs, and doing.
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2. Speakers You use them for listening to sounds
and other audio materials from your
computer.

In addition, you need Sound cards on a

computer for the speakers to function.
Similarly, a speaker converts digital signals
into analog sound waves that are audible to
the human ear. Finally, speakers range from
simple two speaker output devices to
sound multi-channel units.
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 3.Headphones
Headphones aren’t just for
music, they also allow us to
hear when communicating
with others via voice calls.
Headphones also ensure
privacy and are perfect for
gaming. 44
 4. Printers
With a printer, you can convey
pictures, text, and information
directly from your computer into
hard copy formats. Also, you can
transmit image data in your
computer into the printer, which
then physically recreates the image,
usually on paper.
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9. CD and DVD Media
CD and DVD media have become
standard output devices for
computers. The advantage of these
output devices is in storing data for a
long period of time. CD and DVD are
writable, users write information into
a CD and DVD hardware device to
share information.
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 5. Projector
Data projectors connect your
computer graphics card and allow you
to mirror your computer screen to a
wall or smooth surface (Whiteboard,
White cloth surface). The most
common types are the LCD and digital
light processing (DLP) projectors
although the latter is more expensive.
One of its features is a color wheel
filter. 47
10. Actuators
An Actuator is an output device
responsible for creating real-world
movements in a computer
controlled system. Also, an actuator
is a type of motor often used in
companies that deal on robotics
and in construction companies that
are involved in gear and metal
movements.
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Storage DEVICES
The three major distinctions between
storage and memory:
a. There is more room in storage rather
than memory.
b. Contents are retained in the storage
when the computer is turned off, while
programs or data you put in the memory
disappears when computers shut down.
c. Storage is very slow compared to
memory, but it is cheaper than memory.
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 The three major distinctions between storage and memory:
a. There is more b. Contents are retained c. Storage is
room in storage in the storage when the very slow
rather than computer is turned off, compared to
memory. while programs or data memory, but it is
you put in the memory cheaper than
disappears when memory.
computers shut down.

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1. Optical Drive
An optical disc drive (ODD) is
a disc drive that uses laser light
or electromagnetic waves within
or near the visible light
spectrum as part of the process
of reading or writing data to or
from optical discs.
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 2. Tape Drive
A tape drive is a data storage
device that reads and writes data
on a magnetic tape. Magnetic tape
data storage is typically used for
offline, archival data storage. Tape
media generally has a favorable
unit cost and a long archival
stability.
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3. Removable Hard Drive
A computer hard drive that is
mounted in a special plastic or
metal cartridge, enabling it to be
removed and inserted into other
computers with similar removable
bays. The picture is an example of
a removable hard drive in a server
rack.
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 4. Magnetic Disk
A disk is a round flat object
that spins its center. Read/right
head, which are similar to the
head of tape recorder or VCR,
are use to reads data from the
disk and right data onto the
disk.
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CD-ROM Drive (Compact Disk
Read Only Memory)
you cannot change
information on the disk
just as you cannot record
over an audio CD
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 CD-RECORDABLE DRIVES
(CD-R) Drive and CD-RW (Rewrittable)
✘ have an option of creating your
own CDs.
✘ can write data to and read data
from a compact disk.
✘ you must use special CD-R disk,
which can written on only once.
✘ CD-Re-Writable disk which can be
written to a multiple times.
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DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD)
a popular data storage
technology which is
revolutionizing home
entertainment

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