WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a machine that is made up

of various parts or components which help it
in carrying out instructions which are in the
form of arithmetic commands or different
algorithms for it to process.
A computer is any machine that can be
programmed to carry out a set of algorithms
and arithmetic instructions.
 DATA can be defined as a
representation of facts, concepts
or instructions in a formalized
manner that is suitable for
communication, interpretation or
processing by human or electronic
machine.

(ex. A-Z, 1-9, or special characters)

TAKE NOTE:
• DATA IS ANY COLLECTION OF NUMBERS, CHARACTERS OR SYMBOLS THAT HAS BEEN CODED
INTO A FORMAT THAT CAN INPUT INTO A COMPUTER AND PROCESSED.
• DATA ON ITS OWN HAS NO MEANING OR CONTEXT.
• IT IS ONLY AFTER PROCESSING BY A COMPUTER THAT DATA TAKES ON A CONTEXT AND BECOMES
INFORMATION.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER NETWORK?
Computer network refers
to interconnected computing
devices that can exchange data
and share resources with each
other. These networked devices
use a system of rules, called
communications protocols, to
transmit information over physical
or wireless technologies.
 WHAT ARE THE BASIC
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER?
 Case
The computer case is
the metal and plastic box
that contains the main
components of the
computer, including the
motherboard, central
processing unit (CPU),
and power supply. The
front of the case usually
has an On/Off
button and one or
more optical drives.
Power Supply
The power supply unit in
a computer converts the
power from the wall
outlet to the type of
power needed by the
computer.
It sends power through
cables to the
motherboard and other
components.
 It connects the CPU,
memory, hard drives,
optical drives, video
The motherboard serves card, sound card, and
as a single platform to
connect all of the parts other ports and
of a computer together. expansion cards directly
or via cables. It can be
considered as the
backbone of a
computer.
It holds together many of the crucial
components of a computer,
including the central processing
unit (CPU), memory and
connectors for input and output
devices
 MOTHERBOARD.com

MOTHERBOARD
What it does:
Think of the motherboard as
the glue that holds everything
else together.
A motherboard is a circuit
board through which all the
different components of a
computer communications
and it keeps everything
together. The input and
output devices are plugged
into the motherboard for
function.
 CentralProcessingUnit.com

CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT (CPU)
What it is: The CPU is
often called the "brain"
of a computer, thanks
to its direct plug
connection to the
motherboard, and
communication with all
of the computer’s other
components.
 MEMORY
CENTRAL PR0 CESSING UNIT (CPU) UNIT

The Central Processing Unit is the core of any

computer devices. It comprises three major
components of the computer. All these three units CONTROL
are elements of CPU and together help in the UNIT
efficient working and processing of data.
It is also known as the “Brain of Computer” and no
action can be conducted by a device without the ARITHMETICAL
execution and permission of the Central Processing & LOGICAL
UNIT
Unit.
 The information entered through the input
Memory Unit
devices is saved in the memory of the CPU
When we enter the data into and then passed on to the other parts.
the computer using an input Similarly, when the output is ready it is saved in
device, the entered information the memory before the result is given to the
immediately gets saved in the
memory unit of the Central user.
Processing Unit (CPU). Because
of the presence of some
existing programming, the
Memory Unit transmits the
data further to the other parts
of the CPU.
Similarly, when the output of
our command is processed by
the computer, it is saved in the I
memory unit before giving the
output to the user.
The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input unit,
leads it on for processing and once that is done, receives the
output and presents it to the user. It can be said to the centre
of all processing actions taking place inside a computer device.

Basically, the instructions taken,

interpretation of entered data,
issuing signals to execute the data
and then finally retrieving the data is
all done in the Control Unit.
I
 This unit does mathematical calculations,
arithmetic operations, comparison of data and
The clock speed measures decision making. It has circuits that are built for
the number of cycles your addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
CPU executes per second, and other calculations.
measured in GHz
(gigahertz). A “cycle” is
technically a pulse
synchronized by an internal
oscillator, but for our
purposes, they're a basic
unit that helps understand a I
CPU's speed.
The video card is responsible
for what you see on the
monitor. Most computers
have a GPU (graphics
processing unit) built into
the motherboard instead of
having a separate video card.
If you like playing graphics-
intensive games, you can add
a faster video card to one of
the expansion slots to get
better performance.
 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Another vital component of the computer is GPU. The Graphics
Processing Unit or the video card helps generate high-end visuals like
What it is?
the ones in video games. Good graphics like these are also helpful for
It's not uncommon to hear
people who have to execute their work through images like 3 D
gamers obsess over the next
new graphics card, as these modellers and others who use resource-intensive software. It generally
graphic cards make it possible communicates directly with the monitor.
for computers to generate high-
end visuals like those found in
the many different types of
video games.

In addition to video games,

though, good graphics cards
also come in handy for those
who rely on images in order to
execute their craft, like 3D
modelers using resource-
intensive software.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory (RAM) The RAM is also known as the volatile memory since it gets erased
every time the computer restarts. It stores the data regarding the
programs which are frequently accessed programs and processes. It
What it is?
helps programs to start up and close quickly. It being slower has made
RAM, also known as volatile it more obsolete these days.
memory, stores data regarding
frequently accessed programs
and processes. (It's called
volatile memory because it gets
erased every time the
computer restarts.)

What it does: RAM helps

programs and games start up
and close quickly.
Random Access Memory
WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM & ROM?

RAM, which stands for random access memory,

and ROM, which stands for read-only memory,
are both present in your computer.
RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores
the files you are working on. ROM is non-
volatile memory that permanently stores
instructions for your computer.
 WHY IS RAM IMPORTANT IN
COMPUTER FORENSIC ANALYSIS?
RAM is often one of the first systems
where artifacts related to a cyber-
attack can be found.
Criminals use computers and software to perform
their crimes or to cover their misconducts. Main
memory or RAM encompasses vibrant
information about a system including its active
processes. Program’s variables data and value
vary in their scope and duration in RAM.
 Storage Unit
) The computers need to store all their data and they have either a Hard
What it is?
All computers need somewhere
to store their data. Modern
computers either use a Hard
Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State
Drive (SSD).
Storage Unit
Disk Drive (HDD) or a Solid State Drive (SDD) for this purpose. Hard
disk drives are disks that store data and this data is read by a
mechanical arm. Solid-State drives are like SIM cards in mobile phones.
They have no moving parts and are faster than hard drives. There is no
need for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the
drive and therefore this takes no time at all.

What it does?
HDDs are made of an actual
disk onto which data is stored.
The disk is read by a mechanical
arm. (HDDs are cheaper than
SSDs, but are slowly becoming
more and more obsolete.)
 Here is a complete list of computer parts and their functions:

• Motherboard: The motherboard is the main board that is screwed into the
computer case directly. Its function is to connect all of the components so
that they may communicate and work together.

⚬ Input Unit: The main function of the input unit is to send commands
and transfer data into computers. Later, the data gets processed by the
computer’s CPU which generates output. For example, a laptop’s
keyboard is an input device.
⚬ Output Unit: The computer’s response is relayed through output
devices in the form of a visual response (monitor), sound (speakers), or
media devices (CD or DVD drives). The function of these devices is to
convert the machine’s response into a format that the computer user
can understand.
 Here is a complete list of computer parts and their functions:

o Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU can be regarded as a computer’s brain. On a
computational level, it processes all of the data. It reads data from the RAM and
processes it in order for the computer to do the tasks it is programmed to do. (Memory
Unit, Control Unit, and Arithmetical & Logical Unit
o Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): GPU is a specialized processor that is created to
accelerate graphics processing. It can render many pieces of data making them ideal for
machine learning, video editing, and gaming.
o Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is a form of data storage that allows for faster
read and write operations. RAM is also volatile, which means that if the power goes out,
it loses all of the data it has stored.
o Storage Unit: This device stores all the data and the instructions required for
processing. It keeps intermediate results of processing.
 Computer
What is a Computer System? systems are all
around us. They
are not just
• A computer system is made up of both hardware and software desktop PCs, but
components and is capable of: also include
⚬ Data Input – Allowing users to input the instructions using mobile phones,
input devices, tablets,
⚬ Data Processing – Using a microprocessor, typically the supermarket tills,
Central Processing Unit (CPU) to process instructions, ATM cash
⚬ Data Storage – Storing user instructions, machines and
⚬ Data Output – Output processed instructions using output engine
devices. management
⚬ Data Transmission - Ensuring that data can be transferred to systems in
or from another computer system modern day cars.
 MONITOR POWER SUPPLY CPU
UNIT RAM
KEYBOARD STORAGE

MOUSE
PRINTER
What is Hardware?

The hardware on a computer are the components of a

computer you can physically touch. This includes the
COMPUTER
CASE computer itself, the parts inside the computer and any
MOTHERBOARD
peripherals (i.e. things that are attached to the computer)
 What is System Software?
System Software:
Programs that are needed
to enable the computer to
function, including the
operating system, utilities
software, library routines
and programming language
translators.
What is an Application Software?
SOFTWARE is Application Software:
any program
Programs that enable a user
that runs on a to perform particular tasks
like; word processing,
computer spreadsheet calculations,
system. It can databases management,
gaming, web browsing, mobile
be grouped phone apps, graphics design,
programming, music editing
into two main
and many more programs for
categories: specific applications such as
I
payroll, accounts, air traffic
control etc.
 What is System Software? What is an Application Software?

1) Presentation Software – text editor, graphics (video,

multimedia) and slideshow. (ex.PPT)
1) Operating system (OS) – IOS,
2) Web browsers – use to search the internet (Mozilla,
Android
chrome, IE)
2) Device drivers – mouse,
3) Multimedia software – capture images (AV) like VLC player.
keyboard, speakers and printers
4) Education and Reference software – known as academic
3) Firmware – organizational
software like jumpstart, mindplay games, kid pix games etc.
program that allows the OS to
5) Graphics software – modify or alter visual data or photos
recognize a ROM, flash or
like adobe photoshop.
memory chip.
6) Spreadsheet software – enable users to enter formulas and
4) Programming language
functions like in Microsoft excel.
translators – converts source
7) Database software – data management websites such as
code to a high level computer
IBM Db2, Microsoft SQL server etc.
code
8) World processing software – create memos, faxes, emails
5) Utilities – designed to help with I
and records like MS word.
device diagnostics and repairs.
9) Simulation software – engineering, education, testing,
video gaming, airlines, weather forecast use this software.
▪ Illegal Access
▪ Illegal Interception
▪ Data Interference
▪ System Interference
▪ Misuse of devices
▪ Cybersquatting
▪ Computer related Forgery
▪ Computer-related Fraud ASSIGNMENT:

SUBMIT IT ON WEDNESDAY
(SEPT 13, 2023) WRITE IT IN A
½ CROSSWISE PAPER.
(a) Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity
and availability of computer data and systems
(b)Illegal Access
(c) Illegal Interception.
1. Cell Phone
2. Text Messages Call Logs Applications used Social Media
accounts Everything from All Categories
3. Computer/Laptop
4. Everything from All Categories Social Media accounts
Internet Search History Documents Email (Non-web-
based)
 INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of things describes physical
objects with sensors, processing ability,
software, and other technologies that
connect and exchange data with other
devices and systems over the Internet or
other communications
networks. Wikipedia

What are the examples of IoT devices?

Answer: There are several top devices in
the market. Smart Mobiles, smart
refrigerators, smartwatches, smart fire
alarms, smart door locks, smart
bicycles, medical sensors, fitness
trackers, smart security system, etc.,
are few examples of IoT products.
 REFERENCES :
• https://leverageedu.com/blog/components-of-computer/
• https://byjus.com/govt-exams/computer-components/
• https://www.idtech.com/blog/parts-of-a-computer
• https://bournetocode.com/projects/GCSE_Computing_Fun
damentals/pages/3-4-1-Comp_Sys.html

Thankyou!