Components of Computer

Parts and Functions of Computer

Central Processing Unit

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
 INPUT DEVICES

In computing, an input device is a piece

of computer hardware equipment used to provide
data and control signals to an information
Processing system. 
It is any hardware device that sends data to a
computer, allowing you to interact with and control
it.
Keyboard

It the most common and very popular input device

which helps to input data to the computer. The
layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional
typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.
 Mouse

 is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous

cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a
round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the
mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when
the mouse buttons are pressed.
 it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a
wheel is present between the
buttons. A mouse can be used to
control the position of the cursor on
the screen, but it cannot be used to
enter text into the computer.
 Track Ball

It is an input device that is mostly used in

notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse.
This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving
fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
 Scanner
It is an input device, which works more like a
photocopy machine. It is used when some information
is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the
hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from
the source which are then
converted into a digital form that
can be stored on the disk.
These images can be edited before
they are printed.
Digitizer/ Graphic Tablet

It converts analog information into digital form.

Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or
camera into a series of numbers that could be stored
in a computer. They can be used by the computer to
create a picture of whatever the camera had been
pointed at. Digitizer is also
known as Tablet or Graphics
Tablet. It is used for fine works
of drawing and image
manipulation applications.
 Microphone

is an input device to input sound that is then

stored in a digital form.
 Webcam

It is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in

real time to or through a computer to a computer
network.
 Processing Devices

In computing, a process is an instance of

a computer program that is being executed. It
contains the program code and its current activity.
Depending on the operating system (OS),
a process may be made up of multiple threads of
execution that execute instructions concurrently.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU is considered as the

brain of the computer.
CPU performs all types of
data processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate
results, and instructions
(program).
It controls the operation of
all parts of the computer.
 3 Components of CPU

Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit
supplies information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also
known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage
or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary
memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the
memory unit are −
It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an
output device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
 Control Unit

This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but
does not carry out any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
instructions among other units of a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them,
and directs the operation of the computer.
It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data
or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.
 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely,

Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. All complex operations are done by
making repetitive use of the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations
such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging
of data.
Internal parts of a CPU and
their functions
 RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is required to allow the images to be displayed on your monitor,

hold the data from the key presses on your keyboard, retrieve data from
your hard disk to play music, hold information for 3d gaming, web
browsing etc.
It is known as a “Volatile” storage medium because it does not continue
to hold the information in it once it loses power, should your pc crash or
have a power cut all information
stored in the RAM is lost.
RAM is much faster than the Hard Disk
drive in your computer; it has no
moving parts and operates at various
frequencies (the higher the frequency,
the faster the RAM operates).
 Hard Disk

It is the main storage medium, it is used to hold all

your computers information ready to be called by the
processor when you request it.
Movies, Music, Games, everything on your pc is
stored on your hard disk.
 Graphics Card

It is used to display images on your monitor, the

more powerful the graphics card, the better your 3d
games will look & the faster your 3d
rendering/encoding will be.
For general desktop use an on board Video Graphics
Accelerator (VGA) is sufficient,
these are used to display basic 2d
images and usually share system
memory (RAM) to function.
 Mother Board

If the Processor in your computer is the brain, then the

Motherboard is most certainly the body.
A motherboard is also known as a main board, system board
and logic board. They can be found in a variety of electrical
devices, ranging from a TV to a computer. Put simply,
it is the central circuit board of your
computer. The job of motherboard is
to relay information between them all.
The motherboard may also contain
integrated graphics and on board
HD Audio.
 Power Supply

It powers all your components; using a reliable

power supply is a must.
Power supplies come in different wattages,
depending on the components used in your PC you
would need to select a suitable Wattage power
supply - using an underpowered
Power Supply could cause
overload and damage to the PC's
components.
Optical Drive

The optical drive in a PC is also known as the

CD/DVD or Blu Ray Drive - This is an optical media
device used to play your music CD's, install software
and burn Media.
 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

The primary purpose of a GPU is to render 3D

graphics, which are comprised of polygons. This can
improve the overall performance of a computer or
other electronic device.
It is a specialized electronic circuit designed to
rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate
the creation of images in a
frame buffer intended for
output to a display device.
Output Device

It is any device used to send data from a computer

to another device or user. Most computer
data output that is meant for humans is in the form
of audio, image or video.
Output can be meaningful information or gibberish,
and it can appear in a variety of forms -- as binary
numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed
pages.
 Monitor

It is commonly called as Visual Display

Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called
pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of
pixels.
 Printer

It is used to print information on paper.

2 types of printer:
Impact- it prints the characters by
striking them on the ribbon, which
is then pressed on the paper.
Non-impact- it prints the characters without using
the ribbon. These printers print a
complete page at a time, thus they
are also called as Page Printers.
Projector

 It is an optical device that projects an image (or

moving images) onto a surface, commonly
a projection screen. Most projectors create an image
by shining a light through a small transparent lens,
but some newer types of projectors can project the
image directly, by using lasers.
 Speaker and Headphone

It produces audio output that can be heard by the

listener.
It can play sound. You can control it by turning the
volume up or down.
Memory/ Storage Devices

It is used to store data and instructions. Computer

memory is the storage space in the computer, where
data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored.
It is any hardware capable of holding information
either temporarily or permanently.
Has three types; Cache, Primary and Secondary
Cache Memory

It is very high speed semiconductor memory which

can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the
CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those
parts of data and program which are most frequently
used by the CPU.
 Primary Memory

It holds only those data and instructions on which

the computer is currently working. It has a limited
capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.
It is generally made up of semiconductor device.
These memories are not as fast as registers. The data
and instruction required to be processed resides in
the main memory.
Devices: RAM and ROM
 ROM (Read-only Memory)

It is a memory on which data has been prerecorded.

Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its
contents even when the computer is turned
off. ROM is referred to as being nonvolatile, whereas
RAM is volatile.
 Secondary Memory

It is also known as external memory or non-volatile.

It is slower than the main memory. These are used
for storing data/information permanently. CPU
directly does not access these memories, instead they
are accessed via input-output routines.
Floppy Disk Drive

It is a type of storage media, capable of storing

electronic data, like a computer file
It is used for moving information between
computers, laptops or other devices. Some early
digital cameras, electronic music instruments and
older computer game consoles use floppy disks..
 Hard Disk Drive

A magnetic disk on which you can

store computer data. The term hard is used to
distinguish it from a soft, or floppy, disk. Hard
disks hold more data and are faster than
floppy disks. A single hard disk usually consists of
several platters.
 Optical Disk Drive

It uses a laser light to read data from or write data to

an optical disc. These include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-
ray discs. This allows you to play music or watch
movies using pre-recorded discs.
 Solid State Drive

Like a memory stick, there are no moving parts to

an SSD. Rather, information is stored in microchips.
Conversely, a hard disk drive uses a mechanical arm
with a read/write head to move around and read
information from the right location on a storage
platter.
Parts of Computer