The Ever-Evolving Planet

The Part's of the Information

What are these
Earth's Interior about seismic
parts made of?
waves
The interior of the Earth is made
up of three parts: crust, mantle,
and core. The inner core is found
to be in a solid state, and the
outer core is in a liquid state.
The outermost layer of Earth is
called the crust. The crust is
relatively cold, thin, and brittle.

Crust
The crust is the outermost
layer, and it varies in
thickness from about 5-70
kilometers depending on
location. It is composed
primarily of solid rock and is
divided into two main types:
oceanic and continental
crust.
Mantle
The mantle is the layer
beneath the crust, and
it makes up about 84%
of the Earth's volume. It
is composed of hot,
semi-solid rock and is
divided into the upper
and lower mantle.
Core
The core is the central
layer of the earth, and it
is divided into outer and
inner layers.
From mud and clay
to diamonds and
coal, Earth's crust is
composed of There are two types
igneous, of crust; oceanic and
metamorphic, and continental. Oceanic
sedimentary rocks. crust is denser and
The most abundant thinner and mainly
rocks in the crust composed of basalt.
are igneous, which Continental crust is
are formed by the less dense, thicker,
cooling of magma. and mainly composed
Earth's crust is rich of granite.
in igneous rocks
such as granite and
basalt.
The mantle lies
The rocks that make
below the crust and
up Earth's mantle are
is up to 2900 km
mostly silicates—a
thick. It consists of
wide variety of
hot, dense, iron and
compounds that
magnesium-rich
share a silicon and
solid rock. The crust
oxygen structure.
and the upper part
Common silicates
of the mantle make
found in the mantle
up the lithosphere,
include olivine, garnet,
which is broken into
and pyroxene. The
plates, both large
other major type of
and small. To learn
rock found in the
more about these
mantle is magnesium
plates see the Plate
oxide.
Tectonics page​.
The rocks that make up Earth’s
mantle are mostly silicates—a
wide variety of compounds that
share a silicon and oxygen
structure. Common silicates
found in the mantle include olivine,
garnet, and pyroxene. The other
major type of rock found in the
mantle is magnesium oxide. Other
mantle elements include iron,
aluminum, calcium, sodium, and
potassium. The temperature of
the mantle varies greatly, from
1000°C (1832°F) near its boundary
with the crust, to 3700°C (6692°F)
near its boundary with the core. In
the mantle, heat and pressure
generally increase with depth. The
geothermal gradient is a
measurement of this increase. In
most places, the geothermal
gradient is about 25°C per
kilometer of depth (1°Fper 70 feet
of depth).
Earth's inner core is the
innermost geologic layer of
planet Earth. It is primarily a
solid ball with a radius of
about 1,220 km (760 mi),
which is about 20% of
Earth's radius or 70% of the
Moon's radius.
There are no samples of
Earth's core accessible for
direct measurement, as
there are for Earth's mantle
.Information about Earth's
core mostly comes from
analysis of seismic waves
and Earth's magnetic field.[4]
The inner core is believed to
be composed of an iron–
nickel alloy with some other
elements. The temperature
at the inner core's surface is
estimated to be
approximately 5,700 K (5,430
°C; 9,800 °F), which is about
the temperature at the
surface of the Sun.
The inner core is
made up of solid iron
and nickel and has a
radius of 1300
kilometers. Its
temperature reaches
to about 5000°C. The
extreme
temperature could
have molten the iron
and nickel but it is
believed to have
solidified as a result
of pressure freezing,
which is common to
liquids subjected
under tremendous
pressure.
A seismic wave is a S waves are called
mechanical wave of secondary waves
acoustic energy because they always
that travels through arrive after P waves
the Earth or at seismic recording
another planetary stations. Unlike P
body. It can result waves, S waves can
from an earthquake, travel only through
volcanic eruption, solid materials. After
magma movement, both P and S waves
a large landslide, and have moved through
a large man-made the body of Earth,
explosion that they are followed by
produces low- surface waves, which
frequency acoustic travel along Earth's
energy. surface.
Robert Mallet Knowing how the
realised that most waves behave as
earthquake damage they move through
is due to moving different materials
waves caused by a enables us to learn
sudden land about the layers that
movement, named make up the Earth.
seismic waves. Seismic waves tell us
When an that the Earth's
earthquake occurs interior consists of a
shockwaves of series of concentric
energy, called shells, with a thin
seismic waves, are outer crust, a mantle,
released from the a liquid outer core,
earthquake focus. and a solid inner core.