1.

**Thermochemistry Overview**:

- Thermochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of heat changes during
chemical reactions.

2. **Energy**:

- In thermochemistry, we consider energy in the form of heat (q) and work (w).

- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only
change forms.

3. **Types of Energy Changes**:

- **Endothermic Reactions**: Absorb heat from the surroundings, resulting in a positive ΔH (enthalpy
change) value.

- **Exothermic Reactions**: Release heat into the surroundings, resulting in a negative ΔH value.

4. **Enthalpy (ΔH)**:

- Enthalpy change is the heat exchange during a chemical reaction at constant pressure.

- ΔH is positive for endothermic reactions and negative for exothermic reactions.

5. **Calorimetry**:

- Calorimeters are used to measure heat changes during chemical reactions.

- Calorimetry experiments allow the determination of ΔH.

6. **Hess’s Law**:

- States that the enthalpy change for a reaction is the same, regardless of the route taken, as long as
the initial and final conditions are the same.

7. **Standard Enthalpy of Formation (ΔHf°)**:

- The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard
states.

- Standard conditions are typically 25°C and 1 atm pressure.

8. **Heat of Combustion**:

- The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burned in oxygen.

9. **Bond Enthalpy**:

- The energy required to break one mole of a covalent bond in a gaseous molecule.

- Bond breaking is endothermic, while bond formation is exothermic.

10. **Spontaneity and ΔG**:

- The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) is used to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-
spontaneous.

- If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.

11. **Entropy (S)**:

- A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

- The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe tends to increase.

12. **Thermochemical Equations**:

- Balanced chemical equations that include the associated ΔH values.