Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem

1/40
Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. state the Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem
2. solve problems involving Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem

2/40
Rolle’s Theorem

Let f be a function such that

1. f is continuous on [a, b];
2. f is differentiable on (a, b);
3. f (a) = f (b) = 0.
Then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

3/40
Rolle’s Theorem
Example: Determine if Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to the given functions on the
indicated intervals and if so, find all values c satisfying the conclusion of the theorem.
1. f (x) = x 2 − 4x + 3 on [1, 3]

4/40
Rolle’s Theorem
Example: Determine if Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to the given functions on the
indicated intervals and ifso, find all values c satisfying the conclusion of the theorem.
π 3π
2. f (x) = 3 cos2 x on ,
2 2

5/40
Mean Value Theorem

Let f be a function such that

1. f is continuous on [a, b];
2. f is differentiable on (a, b);
Then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) = .
b−a
a c b

6/40
Mean Value Theorem
Example: Determine if the Mean Value Theorem is applicable to the given functions
on the indicated intervals and if so, find all values c satisfying the conclusion of the
theorem.
1. f (x) = x 2 + 2x − 1 on [0, 1]

7/40
Relative Extrema and First Derivative Test

9/40
Relative Extrema and First Derivative Test

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. determine if a function is increasing or decreasing on an interval
2. find relative extrema (using First Derivative Test)

10/40
Relative Extrema

11/40
Relative Extrema

1. A function f is said to have a relative maximum at x = c if there is an open

interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≤ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .

11/40
Relative Extrema

1. A function f is said to have a relative maximum at x = c if there is an open

interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≤ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .
2. A function f is said to have a relative minimum at x = c if there is an open
interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≥ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .

11/40
Relative Extrema

1. A function f is said to have a relative maximum at x = c if there is an open

interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≤ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .
2. A function f is said to have a relative minimum at x = c if there is an open
interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≥ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .
3. We say f has a relative extremum at x = c if f has either a relative maximum
at x = c or a relative minimum at x = c.

11/40
Relative Extrema

1. A function f is said to have a relative maximum at x = c if there is an open

interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≤ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .
2. A function f is said to have a relative minimum at x = c if there is an open
interval I , containing c, such that f (x) is defined for all x ∈ I and f (x) ≥ f (c)
for all x ∈ I .
3. We say f has a relative extremum at x = c if f has either a relative maximum
at x = c or a relative minimum at x = c.
4. If f has a relative extremum at x = c, then it is equivalent to saying that
(c, f (c)) is a relative extremum point of f , or f (c) is a relative extremum value
of f .

11/40
Relative Extrema

12/40
Relative Extrema
.

I f has a relative maximum at x = c2 and at x = c4 .

12/40
Relative Extrema
.

I f has a relative maximum at x = c2 and at x = c4 .

I f has a relative minimum at x = c3 .

12/40
Relative Extrema
.

I f has a relative maximum at x = c2 and at x = c4 .

I f has a relative minimum at x = c3 .
I f has neither a relative minimum at x = c1 nor a relative maximum at x = c6
because there is no open interval for which the point (c, f (c1 )) is the lowest or
(c, f (c6 )) is the highest.

12/40
Relative Extrema
.

I f has a relative maximum at x = c2 and at x = c4 .

I f has a relative minimum at x = c3 .
I f has neither a relative minimum at x = c1 nor a relative maximum at x = c6
because there is no open interval for which the point (c, f (c1 )) is the lowest or
(c, f (c6 )) is the highest.
I f has no relative minimum at x = c5 because f (c5 ) is not defined.
12/40
Critical Numbers
A number c ∈ dom f is said to be a critical number of f if either f 0 (c) = 0 or
f 0 (c) is undefined at x = c.

13/40
Critical Numbers
A number c ∈ dom f is said to be a critical number of f if either f 0 (c) = 0 or
f 0 (c) is undefined at x = c.
Example: Determine all critical numbers of f (x) = 24x 5 − 45x 4 − 40x 3 + 9.

13/40
Relative Extrema
Theorem
If a function f has a relative extremum at x = c, then c is a critical number of f .

14/40
Relative Extrema
Theorem
If a function f has a relative extremum at x = c, then c is a critical number of f .

From the graph, f has relative extrema at x = c2 , x = c3 , x = c4 . c2 , c3 , c4 are

critical numbers of f .
14/40
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Let f be a function defined on an interval I .
1. f is said to be increasing on an interval I if whenever x1 , x2 ∈ I and x1 < x2
imply f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
2. f is said to be decreasing on an interval I if whenever x1 , x2 ∈ I and x1 < x2
imply f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

15/40
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Let f be a function defined on an interval I .
1. f is said to be increasing on an interval I if whenever x1 , x2 ∈ I and x1 < x2
imply f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
2. f is said to be decreasing on an interval I if whenever x1 , x2 ∈ I and x1 < x2
imply f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

15/40
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Let f be a function that is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable
on the open interval (a, b).
1. If f 0 (x) > 0, for all x ∈ (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
2. If f 0 (x) < 0, for all x ∈ (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].
3. If f 0 (x) = 0, for all x ∈ (a, b), then f is constant on [a, b].

16/40
First Derivative Test for Relative Extrema

Let c be a critical number of f such that f is continuous in an open interval I

containing c. If f is differentiable at every point in I \ {c}, then f (c) can be
classified as follows.
1. If f 0 (x) > 0, for all x ∈ I , x < c and f 0 (x) < 0, for all x ∈ I , x > c, then f has
a relative maximum f (c) attained at c.
2. If f 0 (x) < 0, for all x ∈ I , x < c and f 0 (x) > 0, for all x ∈ I , x > c, then f has
a relative minimum f (c) attained at c.
3. If f 0 (x) > 0, for all x ∈ I , x 6= c, then f doesn’t have a relative extremum at c.
4. If f 0 (x) < 0, for all x ∈ I , x 6= c, then f doesn’t have a relative extremum at c.

17/40
First Derivative Test for Relative Extrema

To locate relative extremum values of a function,

1. Determine the critical numbers of f .
2. Determine the sign of ff’? on the left and right of each critical number. Include
in the table of signs every value of x that will make f 0 either zero or undefined,
regardless whether they are critical numbers or not.
3. Conclude accordingly using the First Derivative Test.

18/40
Relative Extrema
Example: Given the following functions, determine the intervals where each is increasing,
decreasing, the critical numbers, and find all its relative extrema (using First Derivative Test).
1. f (x) = 4x 3 + 15x 2 − 18x + 6

19/40
Relative Extrema
Example: Given the following functions, determine the intervals where each is increasing,
decreasing, the critical numbers, and find all its relative extrema (using First Derivative Test).
1. f (x) = 4x 3 + 15x 2 − 18x + 6

19/40
Relative Extrema
Example: Given the following functions, determine the intervals where each is increasing,
decreasing, the critical numbers, and find all its relative extrema (using First Derivative Test).
2. f (x) = −x 4/3 + 4x 1/3

20/40
References

1. Math 53 Module, Institute of Mathematics ,University of the Philippines

2. The Calculus 7th edition Leithold, LouisAddison and Wesley Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1996
3. Instructional Material - Math Analysis 1, PUP, 2020

40/40
The End
Thanks for your attention! =)

41/40