1dmetmath101 Zoom Meeting (22apr23) 1

One-Sided Limits
21/50
One-Sided Limits
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. interpret one-sided limits through graphs or table of values
2. evaluate one-sided limits of algebraic functions
3. determine limit of a piecewise defined functions using one-sided limits
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Review: Table of Values
Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Investigate through a table of values lim f (x) and lim f (x).

x→−1 x→2
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Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Solution:
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Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Solution:
x f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 3 x f (x) = x 2 − 1
-1.5 -0.5
-1.17 -0.8
-1.003 -0.99
-1.00001 -0.9999
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Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Solution:
x f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 3 x f (x) = x 2 − 1
-1.5 -0.75 -0.5 -0.75
-1.17 -0.3111 -0.8 -0.36
-1.003 -0.005991 -0.99 -0.0199
-1.00001 -0.0000199999 -0.9999 -0.00019999
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Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Solution:
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Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Solution:
√
x f (x) = x 2 − 1 x f (x) = x −1
1.9 2.1
1.99 2.01
1.999 2.001
1.9999 2.0001
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Let
 2
 x + 4x + 3 if x ≤ −1
f (x) = x2 − 1 if − 1 < x < 2
 √
x −1 if x ≥ 2
Solution:
√
x f (x) = x 2 − 1 x f (x) = x − 1
1.9 2.61 2.1 1.048808848
1.99 2.9601 2.01 1.004987562
1.999 2.996001 2.001 1.000499875
1.9999 2.99960001 2.0001 1.000049999
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Recall
One-Sided Limits
Let f (x) be a function defined at every number in some open interval (c, a).
We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches a from the left is L, denoted
lim f (x) = L
x→a−
if the values of f (x) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer to a, but less than a.
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Recall:
One-Sided Limits
Similarly, let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval

(a, c). We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches a from the right is L,
denoted
lim f (x) = L
x→a+
if the values of f (x) get closer and closer to L as the values of x get closer and
closer a, but are greater than a.
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One-Sided Limits
Theorem
lim f (x) = L
x→a
if and only if
lim f (x) = L and lim+ f (x) = L

x→a− x→a
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One-Sided Limits
Remark:
I The conclusions in the theorems on limits still hold when ”x → a” is replaced
by ”x → a− ” or ”x → a+ ”.
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One-Sided Limits
Remark:
by ”x → a− ” or ”x → a+ ”.
I We sometimes refer to lim f (x) as the two-sided limit to distinguish it from
x→a
one-sided limits.
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One-Sided Limits
Remark:
by ”x → a− ” or ”x → a+ ”.
I We sometimes refer to lim f (x) as the two-sided limit to distinguish it from
x→a
one-sided limits.
I For a limit L to exist, the limits from the left and from the right must both exist
and be equal to L. Therefore,
lim f (x) DNE whenever lim− f (x) 6= lim+ f (x).
x→a x→a x→a
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One-Sided Limits
Consider the function f (x) whose graph Evaluate the following limits.
is shown below.
10 1. lim f (x)
x→−3−
9
8
2. lim f (x)
7 x→−3+
6
5
3. lim f (x)
x→−3
4
3 4. lim f (x)
2 x→0−
1
5. lim+ f (x)
x→0
−6−5−4−3−2−1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
−2 6. lim f (x)
x→0
−3
−4 7. lim f (x)
−5
x→3−
−6
8. lim+ f (x)
x→3 32/50
One-Sided Limits
Example:
Study
limit theorems
one-sided limits
limits involving infinities
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One-Sided Limits
Suppose lim f (x) = 0. If f approaches 0 through positive values, we write

x→a
f (x) → 0+ .
Similarly, if f approaches 0 through negative values, we write
f (x) → 0− .
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One-Sided Limits
Remark:
If f (x) → 0+ as x → a, and n is even, then
p
lim n f (x) = 0.
x→a
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One-Sided Limits
Remark:
If f (x) → 0+ as x → a, and n is even, then
p
lim n f (x) = 0.
x→a
If f (x) → 0− as x → a, and n is even, then

p
lim n f (x) does not exist.
x→a
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One-Sided Limits
Example:
consider one-sided limits
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One-Sided Limits
Example:
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One-Sided Limits
Example:
33/50
One-Sided Limits
Example:
since f(x) is defined differently when x<0 and when x>0, consider one-sided limits
33/50
One-Sided Limits
Example:
since f is defined differently when x<4 and when x>4, consider one-sided limits
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One-Sided Limits
Example:
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One-Sided Limits
Example:
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One-Sided Limits
Example:
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Limits Involving Infinities
Break Time
Resume: 6:45PM
1/49
Limits Involving Infinities
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. interpret infinite limits and limits at infinity of a function through graphs and
table of values
2. evaluate infinite limits and limits at infinity of functions
2/49
Recall
I limit of a function
I limit theorems
I one-sided limits
3/49
Infinite Limits
1
Evaluate lim .
x→0 x 2
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Infinite Limits
1
Consider f (x) = 2 . Using table of values and graph, observe the behaviour of f (x)
x
as x becomes closer and closer to 0.
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Infinite Limits
1
x
Solution:
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Infinite Limits
1
x
Solution: Using table of values,
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Infinite Limits
1
x
Solution: Using table of values,
1 1
x f (x) = x f (x) =
x2 x2
-0.1 0.1
-0.01 0.01
-0.001 0.001
-0.0001 0.0001
-0.00001 0.00001
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Infinite Limits
1
x
Solution:
1 1
x f (x) = x f (x) =
x2 x2
-0.1 100 0.1 100
-0.01 10 000 0.01 10 000
-0.001 1 000 000 0.001 1 000 000
-0.0001 100 000 000 0.0001 100 000 000
-0.00001 10 000 000 000 0.00001 10 000 000 000
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Inifinite Limits
1
Now, consider the graph of f (x) = 2 below and observe the behaviour of f (x) as x
x
becomes closer and closer to 0.
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Inifinite Limits
1
Now, consider the graph of f (x) = 2 below and observe the behaviour of f (x) as x
x
becomes closer and closer to 0.
10
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
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Infinite Limits
1
What can you say about lim ?
x→0 x 2
8/49
Infinite Limits
Infinite Limits
The limit of f (x) as x approaches c is positive infinity, denoted by,
lim f (x) = +∞
x→a
if the value of f (x) increases without bound whenever the values of x get closer
and closer to a (but does not reach a).
9/49
Infinite Limits
Infinite Limits
The limit of f (x) as x approaches c is positive infinity, denoted by,
lim f (x) = +∞
x→a
if the value of f (x) increases without bound whenever the values of x get closer
The limit of f (x) as x approaches c is negative infinity, denoted by,
lim f (x) = −∞
x→a
if the value of f (x) decreases without bound whenever the values of x get closer
9/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
I In the given expressions, we may replace x → a by either x → a− or x → a+ .
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
I The symbols +∞ and −∞ are not real numbers and not to be treated as
numbers.
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
numbers. We only use these symbols to represent the end behavior of a
quantity that grows without bound.
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Infinite Limits
Remarks:
quantity that grows without bound. Thus, when we write either lim f (x) = ∞
x→a
or lim f (x) = −∞, it does not mean that the function f (x) has a limit as x
x→a
approaches a.
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
x→a
x→a
approaches a. The limit, in fact, does not exist.
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
x→a
x→a
approaches a. The limit, in fact, does not exist.Though the limit does not exist,
through the symbols, we are able to describe the behaviour of f near a.
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remarks:
x→a
x→a
approaches a. The limit, in fact, does not exist.Though the limit does not exist,
through the symbols, we are able to describe the behaviour of f near a. That is,
it increases or decreases indefinitely as x → a.
10/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
11/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
I If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim f (x) = ∞,
x→a − x→a +
11/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
I If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim f (x) = ∞, then we say that lim f (x) = ∞.
x→a − x→a+ x→a
11/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
Similarly,
11/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
Similarly, if lim− f (x) = −∞ and lim+ f (x) = −∞,
x→a x→a
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Infinite Limits
Remark:
Similarly, if lim− f (x) = −∞ and lim+ f (x) = −∞, then we say that
x→a x→a
lim f (x) = −∞.
x→a
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Infinite Limits
Remark:
12/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
I If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim f (x) = −∞,
x→a − x→a +
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Infinite Limits
Remark:
I If lim f (x) = ∞ and lim f (x) = −∞, then we say that lim f (x) DNE .
12/49
Infinite Limits
Remark:
Similarly,
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Infinite Limits
Remark:
x→a − +
x→a x→a
Similarly, if lim− f (x) = −∞ and lim+ f (x) = ∞,
x→a x→a
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Infinite Limits
Remark:
x→a − +
x→a x→a
Similarly, if lim− f (x) = −∞ and lim+ f (x) = ∞, then we say that
x→a x→a
lim f (x) DNE .
x→a
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Infinite Limits
Remarks:
I The notation lim f (x) = 0+ means that f (x) approaches 0 and f (x) > 0 for all
x→a
x near a, but x 6= a.
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Infinite Limits
Remarks:
I The notation lim f (x) = 0+ means that f (x) approaches 0 and f (x) > 0 for all
x→a
x near a, but x 6= a. On the other hand, we write lim f (x) = 0− if f (x)
x→a
approaches 0 as x approaches a but f (x) < 0 for all x near a, but x 6= a.
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Infinite Limits
Theorem
14/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
For any positive integer n,
14/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
1
1. lim+ n = ∞
x→0 x
14/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
1
1. lim+ n = ∞
x→0 x
2.

1 ∞ if n is even
lim− n =
x→0 x −∞ if n is odd
14/49
Infinite Limits
Example Evaluate the following limits.
15/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
Let c be a nonzero real number.
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
Let c be a nonzero real number. Suppose that lim f (x) = c and lim g (x) = 0.
x→a x→a
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
x→a x→a
1. If c > 0,
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
x→a x→a
1. If c > 0,
f (x)
1.1 and lim g (x) = 0+ , then lim = +∞.
x→a x→a g (x)
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
x→a x→a
1. If c > 0,
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
f (x)
1.2 and lim g (x) = 0− , then lim = −∞.
x→a x→a g (x)
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
x→a x→a
1. If c > 0,
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
2. If c < 0,
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
x→a x→a
1. If c > 0,
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
2. If c < 0,
f (x)
2.1 and lim g (x) = 0+ , then lim = −∞.
x→a x→a g (x)
16/49
Infinite Limits
Theorem
x→a x→a
1. If c > 0,
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
f (x)
x→a x→a g (x)
2. If c < 0,
f (x)
2.1 and lim g (x) = 0+ , then lim = −∞.
x→a x→a g (x)
f (x)
2.2 and lim g (x) = 0− , then lim = +∞.
x→a x→a g (x)
16/49
Infinite Limits
Example: Evaluate the following limits.
17/49
Infinite Limits
Indeterminate Form of type ∞ − ∞

Suppose lim f (x) = +∞ and lim g (x) = +∞. Then lim [f (x) − g (x)] is called an
x→a x→a x→a
indeterminate form of type ∞ − ∞.
Indeterminate Form of type 0 · ∞
27/49
Infinite Limits
Example: Evaluate the following limits.
22/49
References
1. Math 53 Module, Institute of Mathematics ,University of the Philippines

2. The Calculus 7th edition Leithold, LouisAddison and Wesley Publishing Co.,
Inc., 1996
3. CHED Basic Calculus
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The End
Thanks for your attention! =)
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1dmetmath101 Zoom Meeting (22apr23) 1

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One-Sided Limits

Investigate through a table of values lim f (x) and lim f (x).

Similarly, let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval

lim f (x) = L and lim+ f (x) = L

Suppose lim f (x) = 0. If f approaches 0 through positive values, we write

Similarly, if f approaches 0 through negative values, we write

If f (x) → 0− as x → a, and n is even, then

consider one-sided limits

consider one-sided limits

consider one-sided limits

The limit of f (x) as x approaches c is positive infinity, denoted by,

The limit of f (x) as x approaches c is positive infinity, denoted by,

Example Evaluate the following limits.

Example: Evaluate the following limits.

Indeterminate Form of type ∞ − ∞

Indeterminate Form of type 0 · ∞

1. Math 53 Module, Institute of Mathematics ,University of the Philippines

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