LIMIT & CONTINUITY

PROBLEM :
# Find the limit of the following functions:
1. lim
x →0
x
x +1 −1
12. lim
x →∞
(x 6
+ 5x3 − x3 )
⎧ −x
2x 2 − 5x + 2 ⎪ 2 ,−1 < x < 0
2. lim 2 13. f ( x) = ⎨e
x →2 5 x − 7 x − 6
⎪⎩ x 2 ,0 < x < 2
x
3. lim Find lim f ( x)
x →0 x x→0

⎧x 2 , x < 1
⎧2 − x , x < 1 ⎪
4. f ( x) = ⎨ 2 find lim f ( x) 14. f ( x) = ⎨2.4 , x = 1
⎩ x + 1 , x > 1 x→1
⎪ 2
⎩x + 1 , x > 1
⎧3 x − 1 , x < 1
5. f ( x) = ⎨ find lim f ( x) Does lim f ( x) exist ?
⎩3 − x , x > 1 x→1 x→1

⎧ 1
⎪ x + 2 , x < −2
⎪⎪
6. f ( x) = ⎨ x 2 − 5 ,−2 < x < 3 find lim f ( x) and lim f ( x)
x → −2
⎪
x→3

⎪ x + 13 , x > 3
⎩⎪
3x + 5 ⎧2 x + 1 , x < 1
7. lim 15. f ( x) = ⎨
x →∞ 6 x − 8
⎩3 − x , x > 1
3x + 5
8. lim 3 find lim f ( x)
x →∞ 6x − 8 x→1

x
4x 2 − x ⎛ 1⎞
9. lim 16. Prove that lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e
x →−∞ 2 x 3 − 5 x →∞⎝ x⎠
10. lim
x →∞
(x 6
+ 5 − x3 )
⎧x 2 + 1 , x > 0
⎪
11. f ( x) = ⎨ 1 , x = 0 find lim f ( x)
⎪1 + x , x < 0
x→0

⎩
# Test the continuity of the following functions:

⎧Cosx , x ≥ 0
1. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎩− Cosx , x < 0
⎧ xCos(1 / x) , x ≠ 0
2. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎩ 0 ,x = 0
⎧e1 / x , x ≠ 0
3. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎩ 1 ,x = 0
⎧ x ,x ≥ 0
⎪
4. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎪⎩− x , x < 0
⎧ −x
⎪ 2 ,−1 < x < 0
5. f ( x) = ⎨e at x = 0
⎪⎩ x ,0 ≤ x < 2
2

⎧ 1
⎪( x − a ) Sin x≠a
6. f (X ) = ⎨ x−a at x = a
⎪⎩ 0 x=a
⎧ xSin(1 / x) , x ≠ 0
7. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎩ 0 x=0
⎧ 1 ,x < 0
⎪
8. f ( x) = ⎨1 + Sinx ,0 ≤ x < π / 2 at x = 0 and x = π / 2
⎪
⎩ 2 + ( x − π / 2) , x ≥ π / 2
2

9. f ( x) = x + x − 1 at x = 0 and x = 1

⎧ x−3
⎪ ,x ≠ 3
10. f ( x) = ⎨ x − 3 at x = 3
⎪ 0 ,x = 3
⎩

⎧(1 + x )1 / x ,x ≠ 0
11. f ( x) = ⎨ at x = 0
⎩ 1 ,x = 0

⎧ e1 / x 2
⎪ ,x ≠ 0
12. f ( x) = ⎨ e1 / x 2 − 1 at x = 0
⎪
⎩ 1 ,x = 0
 Differentiability

1. Test the differentiability of the following functions:

cos , 0
(i) at 0.
cos , 0
sin , 0
(ii) at 0.
0, 0
(iii) | | at 0.
cos , 0
(iv) at 0.
0, 0
16 , 9
2. Let . Is f(x) continuous at 9? Determine whether f(x) is
12√ , 9
differentiable at 9.
, 1
3. Let . Is f(x) is continuous at 1? Determine whether f(x) is
√ , 1
differentiable at 1.
1, 1
4. Show that is not continuous and differentiable at 1.
, 1
Sketch the graph of f(x).
 Techniques of Differentiation

dy
1. Find the differential coefficients of the following functions with respect to x (i.e. ).
dx

(i ) y = sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x, (ii ) y = cos ec 3 x, (iii ) y = cos 2 x cos 3 x, (iv) y = sin −1 ( x 2 ),
⎛1+ x ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 − x ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞
2
(v) y = tan(sin −1 x), (vi) cot −1 ⎜ ⎟, ( vii ) cos ⎜
⎜1+ x2 ⎟⎟, (viii ) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟,
⎝1− x ⎠ ⎝1+ x ⎠
2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
(ix) tan −1 ⎜ ⎟, ( x) tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟.
⎟
⎝1− x ⎠
2
⎝ 1− x ⎠
2

2. Find the differential coefficients of:

(i )(sin x) ln x , (ii ) (sin x) cos x + (cos x) sin x .

⎛1+ x ⎞
3. Find the differential coefficients of ⎜ ⎟.
⎝1− x ⎠
dy
4. Find in the following cases:
dx

(i ) 3 x 4 − x 2 y + 2 y 3 = 0, (ii ) x 3 + y 3 + 4 x 2 y − 25 = 0, (iii ) x y = y x .

dy
5. Find when
dx

(i ) x = a cos 3 θ , y = a sin 3 θ , (ii ) x = sin 2 θ , y = tan θ , (iii ) x = a sec 2 θ , y = a tan 2 θ .

6. Differentiate the left-side functions with respect to the right-side ones:

⎛1− x2 ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞ −1
(i ) cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ with respect to tan −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
(ii ) x sin ( x ) with respect to sin −1 x.
⎝1+ x ⎝1− x ⎠
2
⎠

7. Find the differential coefficients of:

1 + sin x 1 − cos x 1 − cos x ⎛ cos x − sin x ⎞

(i ) ln , (ii ) ln , (iii ) tan −1 , (iv) tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
1 − sin x 1 + cos x 1 + cos x ⎝ cos x + sin x ⎠
⎛ 1− x ⎞
(v) sin ⎜⎜ 2 tan −1 ⎟.
⎟
⎝ 1 + x ⎠
 Practice Sheet # 6
Successive Differentiation

a. Find the n th derivative of the following functions:

1. y = x n
2. y = (ax + b) n
3. y = ln(ax + b)
1
4. y =
x+a
5. y = e ax
6. y = sin( ax + b)
7. y = cos(ax + b)

b. If y = e ax sin bx, then show that y 2 − 2ay1 + (a 2 + b 2 ) y = 0.

c. If y = e x sin x, then show that y 4 + 4 y = 0.

Leibnitz’s Theorem

1. If y = tan −1 x , then show that (1 + x 2 ) y n + 2 + 2(n + 1) xy n +1 + n(n + 1) y n = 0.

2. If y = cot −1 x, then show that (1 + x 2 ) y n + 2 + 2(n + 1) xy n +1 + n(n + 1) y n = 0.

3. If y 1 − x 2 = sin −1 x , then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n +1 − (2n + 1) xy n − n 2 y n −1 = 0.

−1
4. If y = e tan x
, then show that (1 + x 2 ) y n + 2 + (2nx + 2 x − 1) y n +1 + n(n + 1) y n = 0.
−1
5. If y = e m sin x
, then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n + 2 − (2n + 1) xy n +1 − (n 2 + m 2 ) y n = 0.

6. If y = (sin −1 x) 2 , then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n + 2 − (2n + 1) xy n +1 − n 2 y n = 0.

7. If log e y = a sin −1 x then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n + 2 − (2n + 1) xy n +1 − (n 2 + a 2 ) y n = 0.

−1
8. If y = e m cos x
then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n + 2 − (2n + 1) xy n +1 − (n 2 + m 2 ) y n = 0.

9. If log e y = tan −1 x then show that (1 + x 2 ) y n + 2 + (2nx + 2 x − 1) y n +1 + n(n + 1) y n = 0.

10. If y = (cos −1 x ) , then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n + 2 − (2n + 1) xy n +1 − n 2 y n = 0.

2

11. If ln y = m cos −1 x, then show that (1 − x 2 ) y n + 2 − (2n + 1) xy n +1 − (n 2 + m 2 ) y n = 0.

12. If x = tan(ln y ), then show that (1 + x 2 ) y n + 2 + (2nx + 2 x − 1) y n +1 + n(n + 1) y n = 0.

 Practice Sheet # 5
Maxima and minima

1. Find (a) the open intervals on which f is increasing , (b) the open intervals on
which f is decreasing, (c) the open intervals on which f is concave up, (d) ) the
open intervals on which f is concave down and (e) the x- coordinate of all
inflection points.
(i ) f ( x ) = x 2 − 5 x + 6 (ii ) f ( x) = 5 + 12 x − x 3
x2
(iii ) f ( x) = x 4 − 8 x 2 + 16 (iv) f ( x) = (v ) f ( x ) = 3 x + 2 .
x2 + 2
2. Locate the critical numbers and identify which critical numbers correspond to
stationary points.

(i ) f ( x) = x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x + 1 (ii ) f ( x) = x 4 − 6 x 2 − 3
x
(iii ) f ( x) = 2 (iv) f ( x) = x 2 / 3
x +2
( v ) f ( x ) = x 1 / 3 ( x + 4) (vi) f ( x) = cos 3 x.

3. Find the relative extrema (maxima/ minima) using both the first and second
derivative tests.
x
(i ) f ( x) = 2 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 12 x (ii ) f ( x) = − sin x, 0 < x < 2π .
2
4. Use the given derivative to find all critical numbers of f and determine whether a
relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither occurs there.
x2 −1
(i ) f ′( x) = x 3 ( x 2 − 5) (ii ) f ′( x) = .
x2 +1
 Practice Sheet # 7
Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorem

a. Verify the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem for the following functions:

1. f ( x ) = x 2 − 6 x + 8; [2, 4]
2. f ( x) = cos x; [π / 2, 3π / 2]
x
3. f ( x) = − x ; [0, 4].
2
b. Verify the hypothesis of Mean Value Theorem for the following functions:
1. f ( x ) = x 3 + x − 4; [−1, 2]
2. f ( x) = x + 1; [0, 3]
3. f ( x) = 25 − x 2 ; [0, 5].

Maclaurin and Taylor Series

1. Find the Taylor series for the following functions:

π
(i ) sin x, at x0 = . (ii ) ln x , at x0 = 2 .
2
2. Expand y = ln x in the power of x − 2 and y = e ax in the power of x − 1 .

3. Find the Maclaurin series for the function e ax and cos x .

4. Find the Maclaurin polynomial p 0 , p1 , p 2 , p3 for e x cos x .
sin x
5. Expand y = ln( x + 1) and y = in the power of x.
cos x

Indeterminate Forms

Find the limit using L’ Hospital’s rule:

ln x x−3  1 cos 3 x  sin x

1. lim , 2. lim 2 , 3. lim 2 − , 4. lim
x −1 x →3 3 x − 13 x + 12 2 x →π x − π
x →1

x →0 x x 
1
x − tan −1 x e 3x a x − 1 − x log a
5. lim 3
, 6. lim 2 , 7. lim 2
, 8. lim(e x + x ) x
x →0 x x → +∞ x x → 0 x x →0

1 1  ln(sin x )
9. lim − , 10. lim( x − π ) cot x, 11. lim , 12. lim xe − x
x →0 x sin x x → 0 ln(tan x )
  x →π x →∞

sin 2 x sin x x 1 1  sin 2 x

13. lim , 14. lim 2 , 15. lim x , 16. lim − x , 17. lim .
x →0 x x →0 x x →∞ e

x →0 x xe  x → 0 sin 5 x