103E PROBLEM SESSION

Worksheet Problems

December 12, 2022

1 / 143
Question 1.
x sin x
lim =?
x→0 x + sin x
Answer.

x sin x x sin x
lim = lim
x→0 x 1 + sin x


x→0 x + sin x x
sin x
= lim
x→0 1 + sin x
x
0
=
1+1
=0

2 / 143
Question
 2. 
f (x) − 5
If lim = 3, find lim f (x).
x→2 x −2 x→2

Answer.

 
f (x) − 5
lim · lim (x − 2) = 3 · lim (x − 2)
x→2 x −2 x→2 x→2
 
f (x) − 5
lim · lim (x − 2) = 0
x→2 x −2 x→2
  
f (x) − 5
lim · (x − 2) = 0
x→2 x −2
lim (f (x) − 5) = 0
x→2

lim f (x) − lim 5 = 0

x→2 x→2

lim f (x) − 5 = 0
x→2

=⇒ lim f (x) = 5
x→2

3 / 143
Question
 3.
f (x) f (x)
If lim = 1, find lim .
x→0 x2 x→0 x

Answer.

 
f (x)
lim · lim (x) = 1 · lim (x)
x→0 x2 x→0 x→0
 
f (x)
lim · lim (x) = 0
x→0 x2 x→0
 
f (x)
lim · x =0
x→0 x2
 
f (x)
=⇒ lim =0
x→0 x

4 / 143
Question 4.
sin(x 2 − x − 2)
Find the limit of lim .
x→−1 x +1

Answer.

!
sin(x 2 − x − 2) sin(x 2 − x − 2)
   2
x −x −2
lim = lim ·
x→−1 x +1 x→−1 x2 − x − 2 x +1
sin(x 2 − x − 2) x2 − x − 2
   
= lim · lim
x→−1 x2 − x − 2 x→−1 x +1
 2 
x −x −2
= 1 · lim
x→−1 x +1
 
(x + 1)(x − 2)
= lim
x→−1 x +1
= lim (x − 2)
x→−1

= −3

5 / 143
Question 5. √
1 − cos x
Find the limit lim √

x→0 1 − cos x sin x
Answer.
√ √ √
1 − cos x 1 − cos x 1 + cos x
lim √
= lim √
√
x→0 1 − cos x sin x x→0 1 − cos x sin x 1 + cos x
1 − cos x 1
= lim √
lim √
x→0 1 − cos x sin x x→0 1 + cos x
| {z }
=1
2

1 1 − cos x 1 + cos x
= lim √

2 x→0 1 − cos x sin x 1 + cos x
1 sin2 x 1
= lim √
lim
2 x→0 1 − cos x sin x x→0 1 + cos x
| {z }
1
=2
√
1 sin x 1 sin x 1 + cos x
= lim √ = lim √ √
4 x→0 1 − cos x 4 x→0 1 − cos x 1 + cos x
√ √
1 sin x 1 sin x x x
= lim 2 √ = lim lim √
2 x→0 sin x 2 x→0 x x→0 sin2 x
1
=
2 6 / 143
Question 6. √
sin(1 − x)
Find the limit of lim .
√x − 1
x→1
√ ! √ !!
Answer. lim sin(1 − x) = lim sin(1 − x)
√ ·
1− x
x→1 x −1 x→1 1− x x −1
√ ! √ !
sin(1 − x) 1− x
= lim √ · lim
x→1 1− x x→1 x −1
√ !
1− x
= 1 · lim
x→1 x −1
√ !
x −1
= − lim
x→1 x −1
√ !
x −1
= − lim √ √
x→1 ( x − 1) x + 1

√ ! !
x −1 1
= − lim √ · lim √
x→1 x −1 x→1 x +1
!
1
= −(1) · lim √
x→1 x +1
1
=−
2 7 / 143
Question 7.
s3 − 1
Define f (1) in a way that extends f (s) = to be continuous at s = 1.
s2 − 1
Answer.

s3 − 1
f (s) =
s2 − 1
(s 2 + s + 1)(s − 1)
=
(s + 1)(s − 1)
(s 2 + s + 1)
= s 6= 1
(s + 1)
(s 2 + s + 1)
=⇒ f (1) = lim
s→1 (s + 1)
3
=
2

8 / 143
Question 8.
for what value of a is
x 2 − 1,

x <3
f (x) =
2ax, x ≥3

continuous at every x?

Answer.
As defined lim f (x) = 32 − 1 = 8 and lim (2a)(3) = 6a
x→3− x→3+
4
For f (x) to be continuos we must have 6a = 8 =⇒ a =
3

9 / 143
Question 9.
Find the derivative of f (x) = x 3 + 5x using the definition of derivative.
Answer.
By using the definition of derivative in terms of limit, we will find the derivative
of the function f (x) = x 3 + 5x .
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim (definition of derivative)
h→0 h

(x + h)3 + 5 (x + h) − x 3 − 5x
= lim
h→0 h

x 3 + 3x 2 h + 3xh2 + h3 + 5x + 5h − x 3 − 5x
= lim
h→0 h

3x 2 h + 3xh2 + h3 + 5h
= lim
h→0 h

= lim 3x 2 + 3xh + h2 + 5
h→0
2
= 3x + 5
10 / 143
Question 10. (√
x + 2, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
Consider f (x) = Find f+0 (2) and f−0 (2) by using the
x + 2, x ≥2
definition of the one-sided derivative.

Answer.

f (2 + h) − f (2) f (2 + h) − f (2)
f+0 (2) = lim f−0 (2) = lim
h→0+ h h→0− h

(2 + h) + 2 − 4 √
= lim 2+h+2−4
h→0+ h = lim
h→0+ h

h −2
= lim =
h→0+ h 0−

=1 =∞

11 / 143
Question 11.
Let f and g be differentiable functions with g (−2) = 2, g 0 (−4) = −1,
g (−4) = 5, f 0 (2) = 1/2, f (2) = 3, f 0 (−2) = 1. If h(x) = g (−2x) · f (x), find
h0 (2).

Answer.
h0 (x) = −2 · g 0 (−2x) · f (x) + g (−2x) · f 0 (x) (derivative of product).
So,
1 5 17
h0 (2) = −2 · g 0 (−4) · f (2) + g (−4) · f 0 (2) = −2 · (−1) · 3 + 5 · = 6 + =
2 2 2

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Question 12.
If u and v are differentiable functions of x and u(1) = 2, u 0 (1) = 0, v (1) = 5,
v 0 (1) = 1. Evaluate the following derivatives at x = 1.
∂ ∂ u ∂
a. (uv ) b. ( ) c. (7v − 2u)
∂x ∂x v ∂x
Answer.
d
a. (uv ) = (uv )0 = u 0 · v + u · v 0 .
dx
d

So, (uv ) = u 0 (1) · v (1) + u(1) · v 0 (1) = 0 · 5 + 2 · 1 = 2

dx x=1

d u u0 · v − u · v 0
b. ( )=
dx v v2
d u  u 0 (1) · v (1) − u(1) · v 0 (1) 0−2

So, ( ) = = = −2
dx v x=1 v 2 (1) 1

d d d
c. (7v − 2u) = 7 v − 2 u.
dx dx dx
d

(7v − 2u) = 7v 0 (1) − 2u 0 (1) =7−0=7

dx x=1

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Question 13.
Suppose f is a differentiable function that satisfies

f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) + xy 2 + x 2 y

f (x)
for all x, y ∈ R. Suppose also that lim = 1. Compute f (0), f 0 (0), f 0 (x).
x→0 x
Answer.
To find derivatives in this question, we will use the definiton of limit.
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
In the question, it is given that f (x + h) = f (x) + f (h) + xh2 + x 2 h. So, we
have:

f (x) + f (h) + xh2 + x 2 h − f (x) f (h) + xh2 + x 2 h

f 0 (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h

f (h)
= lim + lim xh + lim x 2 = 1 + 0 + x2
h→0 h h→0 h→0

f (h)
( lim = 1 is given in question) 14 / 143
h→0 h
We get f 0 (x) = x 2 + 1. So, we can easily compute f 0 (0) = 02 + 1 = 1. To find
f (0), write x = 0 and y = 0 in the equality:

f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) + xy 2 + x 2 y

f (0 + 0) = f (0) + f (0) + 0 · 02 + 02 · 0

f (0) = 2 · f (0)

Hence, f (0) = 0.

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Question 14.
Let f : R → R such that
I f is differentiable ∀x ∈ R
I f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b) + 2ab, ∀a, b ∈ R
Show that f 0 (x) = f 0 (0) + 2x.
Answer.
Since f is differentiable for all x, f 0 (x) exists. We know by the definition of
derivative;
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
and since the equality f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b) + 2ab is true for all a, b ∈ R, to
use it let’s write it as
f (x + h) = f (x) + f (h) + 2xh . Now, we have:

f (x + h) − f (x) f (x) + f (h) + 2xh − f (x)

f 0 (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h

f (h) + 2xh f (h)

= lim = lim + 2x
h→0 h h→0 h

.
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Consider, f (0 + 0) = f (0) + f (0) + 2 · 0 · 0 implying f (0) = 0 and

f (0 + h) − f (0) f (h)
f 0 (0) = lim = lim . So, if we substitute this
h→0 h h→0 h

f (h)
in the equation lim + 2x, we get the result.
h→0 h

f 0 (x) = f 0 (0) + 2x

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Question 15.
 sin x ,

x 6= 0
Given the function f (x) = |x| determine whether f is
1, x =0

differentiable or not.

Answer.
We know differentiability implies continuity, so let’s look whether this function
is continuous or not.If it is not continuous, we can say that it is not
differentiable.
For all x 6= 0, this function is clearly continuous. So, let’s look at the continuity
sin x sin x
x = 0. We need to look at the limits lim and lim .
x→0+ |x| x→0− |x|
sin x
lim =1
x→0+ |x|
sin x
lim = −1 One-sided limits are not equal to each other.
x→0− |x|

sin x sin x
lim 6= lim
x→0+ |x| x→0− |x|

Also, left-hand limit does not equal f (1). This function is not continuous at
x = 0. So, it cannot be differentiable at x = 0.
Hence, f is not a differentiable function.
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Question 16.
Does the parabola y = 2x 2 − 13x + 5 have a tangent line with slope −1? If so,
find the equation of the tangent line.

Answer.
We want to find the x value which makes the derivative of this parabola −1.

y 0 = 4x − 13 = −1
x =3

So the slope of the tangent line at x = 3 is −1

and y = 2 · 32 − 13 · 3 + 5 = −16 when x = 3. We will write the equation of
line which has slope m = −1 and passing through the point (3, −16):So, it is:

−1 · (x − 3) = y + 16

y = −x − 13

The equation of a line which has slope m and passing through the point

(x0 , y0 ) is m · (x − x0 ) = y − y0

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Question 17.
1
Find the derivative of f (x) = cot( ).
x
Answer.
1
y = cot( )
x
We know that
cos x 0 − sin x · sin x − cos x · cos x −1
(cot x)0 = ( ) =( )= = − csc2 x
sin x sin2 x sin2 x
(by using the rule of derviative of quotient)

1 1
So, y 0 = − · (− csc2 ) (chain rule)
x2 x

20 / 143
Question 18.
The function f is defined by
(
cos x, x <0
f (x) =
mx + c, x ≥0

Find the numbers m and c such that f is differentiable on R.

Answer.
For x < 0, cos x is differentiable and also for x > 0, mx + c is differentiable.
So, we only need to look at x = 0. We know that if a function is differentianle
at some point, it must be continuous at that point. Thus, f must be
continuous at x = 0.

cos 0 = m · 0 + c = 1

So, c = 1.Also, the derivatives of cos x and mx + 1 must be the same at x = 0.

cos0 0 = m = − sin 0 = 0

m = 0. Hence for m = 0 and c = 1 the funciton f is differentiable at

x = 0,and so it is differentiable for all x.

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Question 19.
A function f defined for all positive real numbers satisfies the equation
f (x 2 ) = x 3 for every x > 0. Determine f 0 (4).

Answer. √
f (x 2 ) = x 3 , write x instead of x , f (x) = x 3/2 , for every x > 0. .
3 1/2 3
So, f 0 (x) = x . If x = 4, then f 0 (4) = 41/2 = 3
2 2

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Question 20.
Let f and g be twice differentiable functions. Write a formula for the second
derivative of (f ◦ g ) in terms of f , g , f 0 , g 0 , f 00 , g 00 .

Answer.
(f ◦ g )0 (x) = f 0 (g (x)).g 0 (x) (chain rule) and

(f ◦ g )00 (x) = [f 0 (g (x)) · g 0 (x)]0 = f 00 (g (x)) · g 0 (x) · g 0 (x) + f 0 (g (x)) · g 00 (x)

So it is (f 00 ◦ g ) · (g 0 )2 + (f 0 ◦ g ) · g 00

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Question 21.
Let f and g be two functions satisfying f 0 (x) = g (x) and f 00 (x) = −f (x). Let
h(x) = f 2 (x) + g 2 (x). If h(0) = 5, then find h(10).

Answer.
Let’s look h0 (x) = 2f (x) · f 0 (x) + 2g (x) · g 0 (x). We know that f 0 (x) = g (x)
and g 0 (x) = f 00 (x) = −f (x). So we have the following equalities:

h0 (x) = 2f (x)f 0 (x) + 2g (x)g 0 (x)

= 2f (x) · g (x) + 2g (x) · (−f (x)) (by the equalities f 0 (x) = g (x) and g 0 (x) = −
=0

Since the derivative of h is 0, h is constant funciton. We also know h(0) = 5,

so h(x) = 5 for all x.
Thus, h(10) = 5.

24 / 143
Question 22.
Find the first and the second derivative of the function f (x) = x −1/3 − x −2/3

Answer.
The first derivative is
1 2
f 0 (x) = − x −4/3 + x −5/3
3 3
and the second derivative is the derivative of f 0 (x) is,
1 2
f 00 (x) = (− x −4/3 + x −5/3 )0
3 3

1 4 2 5
= (− ) · (− )x −7/3 + ( ) · (− )x −8/3
3 3 3 3

4 −7/3 10 −8/3
= x − x
9 9

25 / 143
Question 23.
Show the function f (x) = |x| · sin x differentiable at x = 0
Answer.
Clearly, we see that this funciton is continuous for all x. f is differentiable at
f (x + h) − f (x)
x = 1 if lim this limit exists.
h→0 h
f (0 + h) − f (0) |h| · sin h − |0| · sin 0 h · sin h
(RHL) lim = lim = lim
h→0+ h h→0+ h h→0+ h

= lim sin h = 0
h→0+

f (0 + h) − f (0) |h| · sin h − |0| · sin 0 −h · sin h

(LHL) lim = lim = lim
h→0− h h→0− h h→0− h

= lim − sin h = 0
h→0−

So, we see that

f (0 + h) − f (0) f (0 + h) − f (0)
lim = lim =0
h→0+ h h→0− h
this limits are equal. Hence, f is differentiable at x = 0. 26 / 143
Question 24.
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
1
a. f (x) = √
x
b. f (x) = cos x 2
c. f (x) = x −3 · sec2 (2x)

Answer.
1 1
a. f 0 (x) = (x −1/2 )0 = − x −3/2 = − √
2 2x x
b. f 0 (x) = (− sin x 2 ) · (2x) (chain rule)

c. f 0 (x) = −3x −4 · sec2 (2x) + x −3 · 2 sec(2x) · (sec(2x))0 (derivative of product)

1 0
Since (sec x)0 = ( ) = (− cos2 x) · (− sin x) = tan x · sec x, we have
cos x
f 0 (x) = −3x −4 · sec2 (2x) + x −3 · 2 sec(2x) · sec(2x) · tan 2x · 2

= x −3 · sec2 (2x) · (−3x −1 + 4 tan 2x)

27 / 143
Question 25.
dy d 2y π
Let x = t − sin t and y = 1 − cos t. Find and at t = .
dx dx 2 2
Answer.
Part1:
  
dy  dy /dt  sint 
= =
dx t= π dx/dt t= π 1 − cost t= π
2 2 2

sin( π2 )
=
1 − cos( π2 )
1
= =1
1

Part2:
0

d 2 y 

dy /dt 

2
=
dx t= π dx/dt 
 
2 t= π
2

(cost.(1 − cost) − sint.sint)/(1 − cost)2 


=
1 − cost  π
t=
2
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 (cost − cos 2 t − sin2 t)/(1 − cost)2 

=
1 − cost  π
t=
2


−1 
= 2
 = −1
(cost − 1) t= π
2

29 / 143
Question 26.
Let f and g be two functions. Let F = (f ◦ g ). Assume that the equation of
the tangent line to the curve of g at the point (5, 3) is given by y = 4x − 17.
F (5 + h) − F (5)
Suppose also that lim = 2. Find f 0 (3).
h→0 h
Answer.
Since slope of tangent line of g (x) at (5, 3) is 4 then g 0 (5) = 4 and g (5) = 3.

Also, we have F 0 (5) = 2 by given limit.

Now, take derivative of F (x) = (f ◦ g )(x) at x = 5.

We have F 0 (5) = f 0 (g (5)) . g 0 (5) = 2 but g (5) was 3.

So, we have f 0 (3) . 4 = 2.

1
Then, f 0 (3) = .
2

30 / 143
Question 27.
Find the tangent line of the curve x = cos2 t, y = 4t − tan t at the point
π
t= .
4
Answer.
First let us find slope of the tangent line. Let m denote the slope.

4 − sec 2 t 
  
dy  dy /dt  4−2
m = = = = √ √ = −2.
dx t= π dx/dt t= π −2 . cost . sint t= π −2 . 2/2 . 2/2
4 4 4

π
For a point on the tangent line, let t = then we have
4
2 π 1
x = cos ( ) =
4 2
π π
y = 4. − tan( ) = π − 1
4 4
1
Now, desired tangent line equation is y − (π − 1) = −2 . (x − ) which is
2
y = −2x + π .

31 / 143
Question 28.
dy
Find when y = x x .
dx
Answer.
If y = x x and x > 0 then ln(y ) = ln(x x ).

Use properties of logarithmic functions to expand the right side of the above
equation as follows
ln(y ) = x ln(x)

We now differentiate both sides with respect to x using product rule on the
right hand side.

Then,
dy /dx 1
= ln(x) + .x = ln(x) + 1
y x

dy
= y .(ln(x) + 1) = x x .(ln(x) + 1).
dx

32 / 143
Question 29.
d
Find (tan x)arctan x
dx
Answer.
If y (x) = (tan x)arctan x then ln(y (x)) = arctan x. ln(tan x)

Now, take derivative of both sides we have

(dy /dx) 1 sec2 x

= 2
. ln(tan x) + . arctan x
y 1+x tan x

dy ln(tan x) 1
= (tan x)arctan x . ( + . arctan x)
dx 1 + x2 cos x. sin x

33 / 143
Question 30.
Find the slope of the line tangent to the curve sin(xy ) = x 2 cos y at the point
(2, π/2).

Answer.
dy π
We need at (x, y ) = (2, ) let us take derivative of above equation
dx 2
We have
d d 2
(sin(xy )) = (x cos y )
dx dx

dy dy
cos(xy ).(y + .x) = 2x. cos(y ) + (− sin(y )). .x 2
dx dx
π
Put (x, y ) = (2, ),
2
π dy π π dy
cos(π)( + .2) = 2.2. cos( ) − sin( ). .4
2 dx 2 2 dx

34 / 143
Question 31.
Find the slope of the line tangent to the curve sin(xy ) = x 2 cos y at the point
(2, π/2).

Answer.
dy π
We need at (x, y ) = (2, ) let us take derivative of above equation
dx 2
We have
d d 2
(sin(xy )) = (x cos y )
dx dx

dy dy
cos(xy ).(y + .x) = 2x. cos(y ) + (− sin(y )). .x 2
dx dx
π
Put (x, y ) = (2, ),
2
π dy π π dy
cos(π)( + .2) = 2.2. cos( ) − sin( ). .4
2 dx 2 2 dx

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 π dy dy
− − .2 = − .4
2 dx dx
π dy
= 2.
2 dx

dy 
 π
=
dx (2, π ) 4
2

36 / 143
Question 32.
d 2y
If x 2 + 2xy − y 2 + 8 = 0, find .
dx 2

Answer.
First, take derivative of above equation by implicit differentiation we have

dy dy
2x + 2.(y + .x) − 2y . =0
dx dx

dy dy
2x. 2y . = −2x − 2y
dx dx

dy 2x + 2y
=
dx 2y − 2x

dy
Now, take derivative of
dx

37 / 143
 d 2y (2 + 2.dy /dx).(2y − 2x) − (2.dy /dx − 2)(2x + 2y )
We have =
dx 2 (2y − 2x)2

dy 2x + 2y
Put = , we have
dx 2y − 2x

(2x+2y )
d 2y (4y − 4x + 4x + 4y ) − (2. (2y −2x)
− 2).(2x + 2y )
=
dx 2 (2y − 2x)2

16.(x 2 −y 2 )
8y − (2y −2x)
=
(2y − 2x)2

(32y 2 − 16xy − 16x 2 )

=
(2y − 2x)3

38 / 143
Question 33.
Show that the equation x 8 + x − 1 = 0 has exactly two real roots.

Answer.
Let f (x) = x 8 + x − 1.
(i) We have

f (0) = −1 < 0 f (1) = 1 > 0.

Since f (x) is polynomial, it is continuous for all real number, and in

particular, it is continuous on [0, 1]. By Intermediate Value Theorem, f
has a root c1 on (0, 1). Also,

f (−2) = 253 > 0.

Since f (x) is continuous on [−2, 0], by Intermediate Value Theorem, f has

a root c2 on (−2, 0).
Thus, f has at least two real roots.

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(ii) Suppose that the function f (x) has three or more real roots. Label three
of them x1 , x2 , x3 such that x1 < x2 < x3 and f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = 0.
Since f (x) is polynomial, it is continuous and differentiable for all real
numbers. We can apply Rolle’s Theorem on [x1 , x2 ] and [x2 , x3 ]. Then,
there must be a number a between x1 and x2 at which f 0 (a) = 0. Similarly,
there must be a number b between x2 and x3 at which f 0 (b) = 0. But,

f 0 (x) = 8x 7 + 1 ⇒ 8x 7 + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −(1/8)1/7

The derivative has only zero when x = −(1/8)1/7 , a contradiction.

f (x) can have at most two real roots.

Using (i) and (ii), we conclude that f (x) has exactly two real roots.

40 / 143
Question 34.
Show that | sin x − sin y | ≤ |x − y | for every x, y ∈ R.

Answer.
Let x, y ∈ R be given arbitrarily with y < x. Consider the function f (t) = sin t
which is continuous and differentiable for all real numbers. Then, f (t) = sint is
continuous on [y , x] and differentiable on (y , x). By the Mean Value Theorem,
f (x) − f (y )
there exists at least one c ∈ (y , x) such that f 0 (c) = . Since
x −y
0
f (y ) = sin y , f (x) = sin x and f (c) = cos(c), we can rewrite this last equation
as sin x − sin y = cos(c)(x − y ). We can now take the absolute value of both
sides of this equation and use the fact that | cos(c)| ≤ 1 for any number c.
Then,
| sin x − sin y | = | cos(c)||(x − y )| ≤ |x − y |.

41 / 143
Question 35.
Show that | sin x| ≤ x for every x > 0.

Answer.
Let f (t) = sin t. Then f is continuous and differentiable everywhere. In
particular, f is continuous on [0, x] and differentiable on (0, x). By the Mean
f (x) − f (0)
Value theorem there exists number c ∈ (0, x) such that f 0 (c) = .
0
x
Since f (x) = sin x, f (0) = sin 0 = 0 and f (c) = cos(c), we can rewrite this
last equation as sin x = cos(c)(x). We can now take the absolute value of both
sides of this equation and use the fact that | cos(c)| ≤ 1 for any number c.
Then,
| sin x| = | cos(c)||x| ≤ |x|.
Considering |x| = x for x > 0, we get

| sin x| ≤ x.

42 / 143
Question 36.
If Mean Value Theorem is applied to the function f (x) = x 3 + qx 2 + 5x − 6 on
[0, 2], one finds a number c ∈ (0, 2). If c = 1/2, find q.

Answer.
Applying the Mean Value Theorem to the polynomial (cont and dif’able)
f (x) = x 3 + qx 2 + 5x − 6 on [0, 2], we find a number c such that

f (2) − f (0)
f 0 (c) = . (1)
2−0

f (2) =23 + q22 + 5.2 − 6 = 12 + 4q, f (0) = −6

0 2
f (x) =3x + 2qx + 5

Then, f 0 (c) = 3c 2 + 2qc + 5. For c = 1/2, f 0 (1/2) = 23/4 + q. Substituting

these values into (1), we get

12 + 4q − (−6)
23/4 + q = ⇒ q = −13/4.
2

43 / 143
Question 37.
Assume that f satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on [−1, 2]
and that f (−1) = −1, f (0) = 3, f (2) = −4 and also that f 0 (0) = 0 if and only
if x = 0. Show that f (x) = 0 has exactly two solutions on [−1, 2].

Answer.
If f satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on [−1, 2] then,
f is continuous on [−1, 2] and f is differentiable on (−1, 2).
(i)

f (−1) = −1 < 0 f (0) = 3 > 0

Since f (x) is continuous on [−1, 2], in particular, it is continuous on

[−1, 0]. By Intermediate Value Theorem, f has a root c1 on (−1, 0). Also,

f (2) = −4 < 0.

Since f (x) is continuous on [0, 2], by Intermediate Value Theorem, f has a

root c2 on (0, 2).
Thus, f has at least two roots on [−1, 2].

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(ii) Suppose that the function f (x) has three or more real roots on [−1, 2].
Label three of them x1 , x2 , x3 such that x1 < x2 < x3 and
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = 0. Since f (x) is continuous on [−1, 2] and
differentiable on (−1, 2), we can apply Rolle’s Theorem on [x1 , x2 ] and
[x2 , x3 ]. Then, there must be a number a between x1 and x2 at which
f 0 (a) = 0. Similarly, there must be a number b between x2 and x3 at
which f 0 (b) = 0. But, f 0 (x) = 0 if and only if x = 0, that is, The
derivative has only zero when x = 0, a contradiction.
f (x) can have at most two real roots on [−1, 2].

Using (i) and (ii), we conclude that f (x) has exactly two roots, i.e., two
solutions.

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Question 38. √
1 − x2
Does the function f (x) = satisfy the hypotheses of the Rolle’s
1 + x2
Theorem on [−1, 1]? If yes, find such c.

Answer.
Rolle’s Theorem: Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b). If f (a) = f (b) then there is at least one c ∈ (a, b) at which f 0 (c) = 0.
i) f must be continuous on [−1, 1]:

1 − x 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ Df = [−1, 1]

Then, f is cts on [−1, 1].

ii) f must be differentiable on (−1, 1):
1 √−2x
√
. .(1 + x 2 ) − 2x. 1 − x 2
2 1−x 2 −x(1 + x 2 ) − 2x.(1 − x 2 )
f 0 (x) = = √
(1 + x 2 )2 ( 1 − x 2 )(1 + x 2 )2
−x 3 − x − 2x + 2x 3 x 3 − 3x
= √ = √
( 1 − x 2 )(1 + x 2 )2 ( 1 − x 2 )(1 + x 2 )2

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 Clearly, f 0 (x) is defined on (−1, 1), and so f is differentiable on (−1, 1).
iii) f (−1) = f (1) = 0
Therefore, f satisfies the hypotheses of the Rolle’s Theorem on [−1, 1]

x 3 − 3x √
f 0 (x) = √ =0 x = 0, x =± 3
( 1 − x 2 )(1 + x 2 )2
√
x = 0 ∈ (−1, 1), x = ± 3 6∈ (−1, 1)

There is at least one c ∈ (−1, 1)(that is, c=0) at which f 0 (c) = f 0 (0) = 0.

47 / 143
Question 39.
Show using Mean Value Theorem that if f and g are functions for which
f 0 (x) = g (x) and g 0 (x) = −f (x), then f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) is constant.

Answer.
Let h(x) = f 2 (x) + g 2 (x). By Mean Value Theorem, we have a nice result such
that functions with zero derivatives are constant. Hence, we need to show
h0 (x) = 0.

h0 (x) =2f (x)f 0 (x) + 2g (x)g 0 (x) (use f 0 (x) = g (x), g 0 (x) = −f (x))
=2f (x)g (x) − 2g (x)f (x) = 0,

which implies that h(x) is constant.

48 / 143
Question 40.
Show that sin2 x + 3x − 1 = 0 has exactly one root.

Answer.
Let f (x) = sin2 x + 3x − 1.
(i)

f (0) = sin2 (0) + 3.0 − 1 = −1 < 0

f (π/2) = sin2 (π/2) + 3.π/2 − 1 = 3π/2 > 0

f (x) is continuous for all real numbers. By Intermediate Value Theorem,

we get that the function f (x) has at least one zero between 0 and π/2.
(ii) Suppose that f (x) has more than one zero. Let these zeros be x = a and
x = b, a < b. We can apply Rolle’s Theorem on the interval [a, b].

49 / 143
Because
- f (x) is continuous
- f (x) is differentiable: f 0 (x) = 2 sin x. cos x + 3 = sin 2x + 3 is defined for
all real numbers.
- f (a) = f (b) = 0

Therefore, by Rolle’s Theorem, ∃c ∈ (a, b) : f 0 (c) = 0, but

f 0 (x) = sin 2x + 3 > 0 for all x (2 ≤ | sin 2x + 3| ≤ 4), a contradiction.
f (x) can have at most one zero.
Using (i) and (ii), we conclude that f (x) has exactly one zero.

50 / 143
Question 41.
Does the Mean Value Theorem apply to the function
√ √
 1 + x2 − 1 + x
, 0<x ≤1
f (x) = x
−1, x =0


on the interval [0, 1]?

Answer.
f must be continuous on [0, 1]: continuity at x = 0:
lim f (x) = f (0).
x→0+

√ √ √ √ √ √
1 + x2 − 1+x 1 + x2 − 1+x 1 + x2 + 1+x
lim = lim .√ √
x→0+ x x→0+ x 1 + x2 + 1+x
1 + x 2 − (1 + x) x(x − 1)
= lim √ √ = lim √ √
x→0+ x.( 1 + x 2 + 1 + x) x→0+ x.( 1 + x 2 + 1 + x)
x −1 1
= = lim √ √ = − 6= −1 = f (0)
x→0+ 1 + x2 + 1 + x 2
Since f (x) is not continuous on [0, 1], we can not apply the Mean Value Theorem on
[0, 1].

51 / 143
Question 42.
For what values of a and b does the function
(
ax + 4π, −π ≤ x ≤ 0
f (x) =
b cos 2x + 2x, 0 < x ≤ π

satisfy the hypotheses of Mean Value Theorem on [−π, π]?

Answer.
Mean Value Theorem: Suppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
f (b) − f (a)
on (a, b). Then there is at least one c ∈ (a, b) at which f 0 (c) = .
b−a
i) f must be continuous on [−π, π]:
continuity at x = 0:

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (0)

x→0+ x→0−

lim (b cos 2x + 2x) = lim (ax + 4π) = a.0 + 4π

x→0+ x→0−

Then, b = 4π.

52 / 143
ii) f must be differentiable on (−1, 1):
differentiability at x = 0: f+0 (0) = f−0 (0) must hold.

f (0 + h) − f (0) 4π cos 2h + 2h − 4π
f+0 (0) = lim = lim
h→0+ h h→0+ h
−2 sin2 h
   
4π(cos 2h − 1)
= lim + 2 = lim 4π +2
h→0+ h h→0+ h
sin h

= lim − 8π sinh +2 = −8π.1.0 + 2 = 2
h→0+ h

f (0 + h) − f (0) ah + 4π − 4π
f−0 (0) = lim = lim =a
h→0− h h→0+ h
Then, a = 2.

53 / 143
Question 43.
1
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve f (x) = that passes
  x
1
through the point a, where a > 0.
a

Answer.
1
f 0 (x) = −
x2
1
So, f 0 (a) = − 2 is the slope of the tangent line.
a  
1
Hence, we will write the equation of the line that passes through a, with
a
1
slope − 2 .
a
1 1
Line equation: y − = − 2 (x − a)
a a

54 / 143
Question 44.
x2 + 3
Find the derivative of f (x) = x 2 + 5 +
x 3 + 7x − 2
Answer.
2x(x 3 + 7x − 2) − (x 2 + 3)(3x 2 + 7)
f 0 (x) = 2x+ 0+
(x 3 + 7x − 2)2

55 / 143
Question 45.
Find the critical points and classify all the extreme values of
 
1 3
f (x) = x 3 − x 2 − 6x + 2 on [−2, ∞)
Answer. 4 2
0 1
We first find the derivative f (x) = (3x 2 − 3x − 6)
4
Now we will find the points where f 0 (x) = 0 or doesn’t exist.
0
Luckily, f exists everywhere on [−2, ∞).
So, we will find the points f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ 3x 2 − 3x − 6 = 0
=⇒ x 2 − x − 2 = 0 =⇒ (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
=⇒ x = 2 and x = −1 are critical points.
1
Now we find f 00 . f 00 (x) = (6x − 3).
4

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Answer.
1
f 00 (2) = (6.2 − 3) > 0 =⇒ (2, −2) is a local minimum.
4  
1 11
f 00 (−1) = (6.(−1) − 3) < 0 =⇒ −1, is a local maximum.
4 8
Now let’s check the endpoints.
Since lim f (x) = +∞, the function has no absolute maximum.
x→∞
f 0 > 0 on [−2, −1), so f is increasing on that interval.
Thus, we have a local minimum at x = −2, that is, at the point (2, −2).
The point (2, −2) is also an absolute minimum because it is the smallest local
minimum.

57 / 143
Question 46.
x2 − x − 6
Sketch the graph of f (x) =
x −2
Answer.
x2 − x − 6 (x − 3)(x + 2)
Let f (x) = =
x −2 x −2
We have Df = R − {2}
The intercepts are: (0, 3), (3, 0), (−2, 0).
Vertical Asymptotes:
x2 − x − 6 4−2−6
lim = = −∞
x→2 + x −2 0+
2
x −x −6 4−2−6
lim = = +∞
x→2− x −2 0−
So, x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.

58 / 143
Answer.
Horizontal asymptotes:
x2 − x − 6
lim = +∞
x→∞ x −2
2
x −x −6
lim = −∞
x→−∞ x −2
So, there is no horizontal asymptote.
Oblique asymptotes:
x2 − x − 6 x −2
− 2
x − 2x x +1
x −6
− x −2
−4
x2 − x − 6 4
So, f (x) = =x +1−
x −2 x −2
So, y = x + 1 is an oblique asymptote.

59 / 143
Answer.
Derivatives:
x 2 − 4x + 8
f 0 (x) =
(x − 2)2
00 −8
f (x) =
(x − 2)3
As f 0 and f 00 have no roots, the only critical point is x = 2.
−∞ 2 ∞
f0 + +
f 00 + -
f %^ %_

60 / 143
Question 47.
x3 − 1
Sketch the graph of f (x) = .
x2 − 1
Answer.
Find the domain and any, if the intercepts of f :
Df = R − {−1, 1}.
(0, 1) is the only intercept.
If any, find the horizontal asymptotes of f :
x3 − 1
lim 2 = +∞
x→∞ x − 1
3
x −1
lim = −∞
x→−∞ x 2 − 1
So, there is no horizontal asymptote.

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Answer.
If any, find the vertical asymptotes of f :
(x − 1)(x 2 + x + 1) x2 + x + 1
f (x) = = if x 6= 1
(x − 1)(x + 1) x +1
=⇒ x = 1 is a removable discontinuity.
x2 + x + 1 1
lim = + = +∞
x→−1 + x +1 0
x2 + x + 1 1
lim = − = −∞
x→−1 − x + 1 0
So, x = −1 is a vertical asymptote.
If any, find the oblique asymptotes of f :
x2 + x + 1 x(x + 1) + 1 1
y= = =x+ .
x +1 x +1 x +1
So, y = x is an oblique asymptote.

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Answer.
Find the derivatives and sketch the sign table.
x(x + 2)
f 0 (x) =
(x + 1)2
00 2
f (x) =
(x + 1)3
Critical points: x = −2, −1, 0.

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Question 48.
x2 + 1
Sketch the graph of f (x) = .
(x − 1)2

Answer.
Find the domain and any, if the intercepts of f :
Df = R − {1}.
(0, 1) is the only intercept.
If any, find the horizontal asymptotes of f :
x2 + 1
lim =1
x→∞ (x − 1)2
2
x +1
lim =1
x→−∞ (x − 1)2
So, y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

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Answer.
If any, find the vertical asymptotes of f :
x2 + 1 1
lim = + = +∞
x→1 (x − 1)2
+ 0
x2 + 1 1
lim 2
= − = +∞
x→1 − (x − 1) 0
So, x = 1 is a vertical asymptote.
If any, find the oblique asymptotes of f :
There is no oblique asymptote.
Find the function’s derivatives and sketch the sign table.
−2(x + 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x − 1)3
4x + 8
f 00 (x) =
(x − 1)4
Critical points: x = −2, −1, 1.

65 / 143
Answer.

66 / 143
Question 49.
x3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = .
(x + 1)2

Answer.
Find the domain and any, if the intercepts of f :
Df = R − {−1}.
(0, 0) is the only intercept.
If any, find the horizontal asymptotes of f :
x3
lim = +∞
x→∞ (x + 1)2
3
x
lim = −∞
x→−∞ (x + 1)2
So, there is no horizontal asymptote.

67 / 143
Answer.
If any, find the vertical asymptotes of f :
x3 −1
lim = + = +∞
x→−1 (x + 1)2
+ 0
x3 −1
lim 2
= + = +∞
x→−1 − (x + 1) 0
So, x = −1 is a vertical asymptote.
If any, find the oblique asymptotes of f :
x3 3x + 2
y= =x −2+
(x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
So, y = x − 2 is the oblique asymptote.

68 / 143
Answer.
Find the function’s derivatives and sketch the sign table.
x 2 (x + 3)
f 0 (x) =
(x + 1)3
00 6x
f (x) =
(x + 1)4
Critical points: x = −3, −1, 0.

69 / 143
Question 50.
x2 + 1
Z
√ dx =?
x

Answer.

x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Z Z
√ dx = dx
x x 1/2
Z  
= x 3/2 + x −1/2 dx

x 5/2 x 1/2
= + +c
5/2 1/2
2x 5/2 5/2
= x + 2x 1/2 + c
5

70 / 143
Question 51.
t 3 + 12t 4/3 + 7t
Z
dx =?
t 11/3

Answer.

t 3 + 12t 4/3 + 7t
Z Z  
dt = t −2/3 + 12t −7/3 + 7t−8/3 dt
t 11/3
t 1/3 t −4/3 t −5/3
= + 12 +7 +c
1/3 −4/3 −5/3
21 −5/3
= 3t 1/3 − 9t −4/3 − t +c
5

71 / 143
Question 52.
Z
2zdz
√
3 2
dz =?
z +1

Answer.

u = z 2 + 1 ⇒ du = 2zdz

Z Z
2zdz du
√
3 2
dz =
z +1 u 1/3
Z
= u −1/3 du

u 2/3
= +c
2/3
3
= u 2/3 + c
2
3 2
2/3
= z +1 +c
2

72 / 143
Question
Z  53.
x
sin2 dx =?
2
Answer.
Hatırlatma:

cos2x = cos 2 (x) − sin2 (x)

= 1 − sin2 (x) − sin2 (x)
1 − cos2x
= 1 − 2sin2 (x) ⇒ sin2 (x) =
2

Z Z
x  1 − cosx
sin2 dx = dx
2 2
Z Z
1 cosx
= dx − dx
2 2
1 1
= x − sin x + c
2 2

73 / 143
Question
Z r 54.
x +1 1
dx =?
x − 1 (x − 1)2

Answer.

x +1 1.(x − 1) − 1.(x + 1) x − 1 − x − 1) du dx)

u= ⇒ du = = ⇒ =
x −1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 −2 (x − 1)2

Z r Z
x +1 1 du
dx = u 1/2
x − 1 (x − 1)2 −2
1 u 3/2
= +c
−2 3/2
1 2 3/2
= u +c
−2 3
1 x + 1 3/2
=− ( ) +c
3 x −1

74 / 143
Question
Z 55.
sin x + cos x
dx =?
tan x + cot x
Answer.
Z Z
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
dx = sin x
dx
tan x + cot x cos x
+ cos x
sin x
Z
sin x + cos x
= sin2 x 2x dx
cos x sin x
+ sincos
x cos x
Z
sin x + cos x
= sin2 x+cos2 x
dx
cos x sin x
Z
sin x + cos x
= 1 dx
cos x sin x
Z
= sin2 x cos x + cos2 x sin xdx
Z Z
= sin2 x cos xdx + cos2 x sin xdx

u = sin x ⇒ du = cos xdx, v = cos x ⇒ dv = − sin xdx

75 / 143
Z Z Z
sin x + cos x
dx = = sin2 x cos xdx + cos2 x sin xdx
tan x + cot x
Z Z
= u 2 du − v 2 dv

u3 v3
= − +c
3 3
sin3 x cos3 x
= − +c
3 3

76 / 143
Question 56.
Z
sin 2x
dx
sin2 x + 1

Answer.

u = sin2 x + 1 ⇒ du = 2 sin x cos xdx = sin 2xdx

Z Z
sin 2x 1
dx = du
sin2 x + 1 u
= ln |u| + c
= ln | sin2 x + 1| + c

77 / 143
Question
Z 57.
tan x
dx =?
tan x + sec x
Answer.

Z Z
tan x tan x(sec x − tan x)
dx = dx
tan x + sec x sec2 x − tan2 x
Z
= tan x(sec x − tan x)dx
Z
= (sec x tan x − tan2 x)dx
Z
= (sec x tan x + 1 − 1 − tan2 x)dx
Z
= (sec x tan x + 1 − (1 + tan2 x))dx
Z
= (sec x tan x + 1 − sec2 x)dx

= sec x + x − tan x + c

1 sin2 x 1 − sin2 x cos2 x

Note: sec2 x − tan2 x = 2
− 2
= 2
= =1
cos x cos x cos x cos2 x 78 / 143
Question
Z 58.
cos5 x sin5 xdx =?

Answer.

u = sin x ⇒ du = cos xdx

Z Z
cos5 x sin5 xdx = cos4 x sin5 x cos xdx
Z
= (cos2 )2 x sin5 x cos xdx
Z
= (1 − sin2 )2 x sin5 x cos xdx
Z
= (1 − u 2 )2 u 5 du
Z
= (1 − 2u 2 + u 4 )u 5 du
Z
= (u 5 − 2u 7 + u 9 )du

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 u6 u8 u1 0
= −2 + +c
6 8 10
sin6 x sin8 x sin10 x
= − + +c
6 4 10

80 / 143
Question
Z  x  59.
sin sin x sin(3x)dx =?
2
Answer.
We use the following formulas:
1 1
sin A sin B = [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)] , sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]
2 2
Z x  Z x  1
sin sin x sin(3x)dx = sin [cos 2x − cos 4x] dx
2 2 2

Z Z 
1 x  x 
= sin cos 2xdx − sin cos 4xdx
2 2 2
Z   Z   
1 1 5 −3 1 9 −7
= sin x − sin x dx − sin x − sin x dx
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Z   Z   
1 1 5 3 1 9 7
= sin x + sin x dx − sin x + sin x dx
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 
1 2 5 2 3 2 9 2 7
= − cos x − cos x + cos x + cos xdx + c
4 5 2 3 2 9 2 7 2

81 / 143
Question 60. Z x
Find a function f and a constant a which satisfy 2 f (t)dt = 2 sin x − 1.
a

Answer.
Let’sZdifferentiate both sides with respect to x
x
d d
2 f (t)dt = (2 sin x − 1)
dx a dx
2f (x) − 0 = 2 cos x

f (x) = cos x
Now let’s put this function f (x) into the integral
Z x
2 cos tdt = 2 sin x − 1. Then
a
x
2 sin t  = 2 sin x − 1

a

2 sin x − 2 sin a = 2 sin x − 1

1 π
sin a = and so a =
2 6

82 / 143
Question 61. Z 1/x
Z x
dt dt
Let F (x) = 2
+ , x > 0. Show that F (x) is constant on
0 1+t 0 1 + t2
(0, ∞) and evaluate this constant value.

Answer.
d 1 −1 1
F (x) = + 2
dx 1 + x2 x 1 + x12
d 1 1 x2
F (x) = 2
− 2 = 0 So F(x) is a constant function,
dx 1+x x 1 + x2
since its derivative is 0. Now let us put x = 1 to find the value of F (x).
Z 1 Z 1
dt dt
F (1) = 2
+
0 1 + t 0 1 + t2
1
F (1) = 2 arctan t 

0
π
F (1) = = F (x)
2

83 / 143
Question 62.
Z x2
If x sin(πx) = √
f (t)dt, where f is a continuous function and x > 0, find
x
f (1).

Answer.
Let’s differentiate both sides with respect to x:
1 √
1 · sin(πx) + xπ cos(πx) = 2 x f (x 2 ) − √ · f ( x)
2 x
Let’s put x = 1
1
sin(π) + π · cos(π) = 2 · f (1) −· f (1)
2
3 4π
−π = · f (1) that gives us f (1) = −
4 3

84 / 143
Question 63. √
x t2
1 + u4
Z Z
If F (x) = f (t)dt where f (t) = du, then find F 00 (2).
1 1 u

Answer.
F 0 (x) = 1 · f (x)
x2
√
1 + u4
Z
Let t = x we get f (x) = du
1 u
√
00 d F 0 (x) 1 + x8
F (x) = =2·x ·
dx x2
√
2 · 257 √
F 00 (2) = = 257
2

85 / 143
Question 64. Z x
Find a function f (x) such that x 2 = 1 +
p
1 + (f (t))2 dt
1

Answer.
Let’s differentiate both sides with respect to x
p
2·x =1· 1 + (f (x))2

4 · x 2 = 1 + (f (x))2
p
f (x) = 4x 2 − 1

86 / 143
Question 65.
Z 2x
d p
3
Evalulate t 3 + 1dt
dx 1

Answer. p
3
p 3
2· (2x)3 + 1 = 2 8x 3 + 1

87 / 143
Question 66. x √
Z
f (t)
Find a function f and a number a such that 6 + dt = 2 x.
a t2

Answer.
Let’s differentiate both sides with respect to x

f (x) 1
0+1· =2· √
x2 x
√
f (x) = x x now choose x = a
√
6+0=2· a

a=9

88 / 143
Question r
67.
n
X n k
lim ln 2+ =?
n→∞ n
k=1

Answer.
n
X1 k
lim ln(2 + )
n→∞ n n
k=1  
b−a 1 k k · (b − a)
So = and ln 2 + = f (a + )
n n n n
This gives us a = 2 and f (x) = ln(x).

And the expression becomes

Z 3
ln(x)dx and using integration by parts, we have the substitutions
2
1
u = ln x and dv = dx which gives us du = dx and v = x
3 Z 3 x
1
x · ln(x) − x · dx = 3 · ln(3) − 2 · ln(2) − 1

2 2 x

89 / 143
Question 68.  
π π 2π 3π nπ
Evaluate lim sin + sin + sin + · · · + sin
n→∞ n n n n n

Answer.n  
πX k ·π
lim sin
n→∞ n n
k=1

Using Riemann Sum we observe the difference between upper and lower limit
b − a = π, where a = 0 and b = 1
and the function f (x) = sin(x).

So the expression is now

Z 1 1
sin(x)dx = − cos(x) = 1 − cos(1)

0 0

90 / 143
Question 69.
Z e4
dx
Evaluate √ .
e x lnx
Answer.
dx
First, do the following transformation u = ln(x), then du = .
x

Moreover, boundaries x = e 4 and x = e would change as u = 1 and u = 4

respectively.Hence, we have the following transformed integral
Z 4
4
du 1
√ = 2u 2  = 2
1 u 1

91 / 143
Question 70.
For f (1) = 3, f (4) = 7, f (14) = 23, evaluate
Z 2
(x 2 + 1)f 0 (x 3 + 3x)dx.
1

Answer.

Solution: Multiply and divide the integral by 3.

Consider transformation u = x 3 + 3x. Then du = (3x 2 + 3)dx = 3(x 2 + 1)dx,

and boundaries x = 1 goes to u = 4 and x = 2 goes to u = 14

From Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have the following

Z 2 Z 14
14
2 0 3 1 0 1  1 16
(x + 1)f (x + 3x)dx = f (u)du = f (u) = (23 − 7) = .
1 3 4 3 4 3 3

92 / 143
Question 71.
x
Find the area of the
√ region R in the first quadrant enclosed above by y = e
and below by y = x + 1 where 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 using definite integral.

Answer.

First observation is that values of first

function f (x) := e x are greater than
values of√second function
g (x) := x + 1 for 1 < x ≤ 3 and we
have an intersection point at x = 0.
Hence the region R bounded above by
the graph of f (x) and below by the
graph g (x). More precisely,
3
√
Z 3
2 3
(e x − x + 1)dx = e x − (x+1) 2 
1 3 1
2 √
= (e 3 − e) − (8 − 2 2).
3

93 / 143
Question 72.
Set up the region enclosed by the graphs of x = y 2 − 5 and x = 3 − y 2 .
Express the area of this region by setting up an integral with respect to x and y
respectively (Do not evaluate).

Answer.

94 / 143
Find out intersection points as solving the system y 2 − 5 = 3 − y 2 , which gives
two roots y = ±2. Hence, our intersection points would be (−1, 2) and
(−1, −2)

If we apply row sum, i.e., summing w.r.t. y axis, we have the following area
Z 2 n o
Iy = (3 − y 2 ) − (y 2 − 5) dy .
−2

If we apply column sum, i.e., summing w.r.t. x axis, then you need to deal with
two areas separately. In this case, we have the following.
Z −1
√ √
Z 3
Ix = 2 x + 5dx + 2 3 − xdx.
−5 −1

95 / 143
Question 73.
The region bounded by y = x 2 and y = 4x is revolved about the line x = 5.
Write down the definite integral that calculates the volume of the obtained
solid by using Shell method and by using Washer method.

Answer.

(0, 0) and (4, 16)

By using Shell method, we have

Z 4
Is = 2π (4x − x 2 )(5 − x)dx.
0

By using Washer method, we have

16
n o
√
Z
y
Firstly, find intersection points as Iw = π (5− )2 −(5− y )2 dy .
0 4

96 / 143
Question 74.
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R enclosed by
π π
the curves y = sin x, y = cos x and the lines x = and x = about y −axis
4 2
by using Shell method.

Answer.

By using Shell method, around y -axis,

we have the following
Z π
2
Is = 2π x(sin(x) − cos(x))dx.
π
4

Here, apply integration by parts, i.e.,

u = x, dv = (sin(x) − cos(x))dx
n  π2

Is = 2π − x(sin(x) + cos(x)) +
π
4
Z π
2
o
sin(x) + cos(x)dx
Firstly,
√ find intersection point as π
4
π 2 n√ π π o
( , ). Is = 2π 2 − +1
4 2 4 2

97 / 143
Question 75.
Let R be the region enclosed by the curve y = e x and the lines y = 1 − x and
x = 1. Write the definite integral that calculates the volume of the solid
generated by revolving the region R about the line y = 4 by using Disk/Washer
method. Find the the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R
about the y −axis by using Shell method. (Do not evaluate!)

Answer.

by using Washer method around

y = 4.
The corresponding integral would be
Z 1
Iw = π (4−(1−x))2 −(4−e x )2 dx.
0

Secondly, by using Shell method

around y axis, we would have the
following definite integral
Z 1

Firstly, we find the volume generated Is = 2π x(e x − (1 − x))dx.

0

98 / 143
Question 76.
3t 2 √
Question 8.Find the length of the curve x = t 3 , y = , 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.
2
Answer.
Here, the curve is given as parametrised way depending on t, we utilize the
following formula for arc length
Z √3 r
dx dy
( )2 + ( )2 dt
0 dt dt
which implies
Z √
3 Z √
3
√3
p 3
t t 2 + 1dt = (t 2 + 1) 2 
p
(3t 2 )2 + (3t)2 dt = 3 = 7.
0 0 0

99 / 143
Question 77.
π
Find the length of the curve y = ln(cos x) where 0 ≤ x ≤ .
3
Answer.
Here, the curve is given in terms of x, so we utilize the following formula for
arc length
Z πr
3 dy
1 + ( )2 dx
0 dx
which implies
s 2  π3
Z π  Z π
3 sin(x) 3 
1+ dx = sec(x)dx = ln| tan(x) + sec(x)|
0 cos(x) 0 0

√
= ln(2 + 3).

100 / 143
Question 78.
dy
Find when lny = e y sin x
dx
Answer.
Take the derivative of each part respect to x
d d
(lny ) = (e y sin x)
dx dx

   
d d y y d
(lny ) = (e ) sin x + e (sin x)
dx dx dx

1 dy dy
= e y sin x + e y cos x
y dx dx
 
1 dy
− e y sin x = e y cos x
y dx

dy ye y cos x
=
dx 1 − ye y sin x

101 / 143
Question 79.
Find f (x) given that f (1) = 0 and that y = f (x) satisfies the differential
dy
equation = xe x−y .
dx
Answer.

dy Apply integration by part to the right

We can write = xe x−y as
dx integral
dy
= xe x e −y . v = ex
 
u=x
dx du = dx dv =Ze dxx

dy e y + c1 = xe x − e x dx c1 ∈ R
= xe x dx =⇒ e y dy = xe x dx
e −y y x x
e + c1 = xe − e + c2 c1 , c2 ∈ R
Integrate both sides, then we have e y = xe x − e x + c where c = c2 − c1
y = 0 when x = 1, we have
e 0 = e 1 − e 1 + c =⇒ c = 1
Z Z
e dy = xe x dx
y
Write the value of c and then take ln
of each part.
Z e y = xe x − e x + 1 y=
e y + c1 = xe x dx c1 ∈ R ln(xe x − e x + 1)

102 / 143
Question 80. h π πi
Locate and identify the absolute extreme values of y = ln (cos x) on − , .
4 3
Answer.
Critical point:A point x0 is called critical point if f 0 (x0 ) = 0 or f (x) is not
differentiable at this point.
Take the derivative respect to x and equal it to zero.
d
(ln (cos x)) = 0
dx
sin x sin x
− = 0 =⇒ = 0 =⇒ tan x = 0 =⇒ x = 0
cos x cos x h π πi
0
Clearly, since f (x) = − tan x is defined on − , , f is differentiable at all
4 3
points on this interval. Thus, only x = 0 is critical point.
f (0) = ln (cos (0)) = ln(1) = 0
π π
x = − and x = are boundary points.
4 3 √
π  π  2 1
f (− ) = ln cos (− ) = ln = − ln 2
4 4 2 2
π  π  1
f ( ) = ln cos ( ) = ln = − ln 2
3 3 2
Thus, x = 0 is absolute maximum point and y = 0 absolute maximum value
π
x= is absolute minimum point and y = − ln 2 absolute minimum value
3
103 / 143
Question 81.
√
 
1−x
Determine whether f (x) = arcsin + 2 arctan ( x) is a constant
1+x
function or not for x ≥ 0. If constant, find the constant function.

Answer.
If f 0 (x) = 0 for ∀x

≥ 0, then f is√a constant function.
1−x 0

0 !
x
f 0 (x) = q 1+x
2 + 2 √
2
1 − 1−x 1+ x
1+x
−(1+x)−(1−x) 1
! −2 1
!
√ √
0 (1+x)2 2 x (1+x)2 2 x
f (x) = q +2 = q +2
1−x 2

1+x 4x 1+x
1− 1+x (1+x)2
−2
(1+x)2 2 −2 2
= √
2 x
+ √ = √ + √ =0
2 x (1 + x) 2 x (1 + x) 2 x (1 + x)
1+x
Thus, f is a constant function.
π π
For x = 0, f (0) = arcsin 1 + 2 arctan 0 = .Therefore,f (x) = for ∀x ≥ 0.
2 2

104 / 143
Question 82.
Calculate
Z
cosh θ
a.) dθ.
sinh θ + cosh θ

Answer.
e θ + e −θ e θ − e −θ
cosh θ = sinh θ =
2 2
e θ +e −θ Z e θ +e −θ
e −2θ
Z Z  
2 2 1
e θ −e −θ θ −θ
dθ= dθ= + dθ
+ e +e2 eθ 2 2
Z 2 Z −2θ
dθ e e −2θ
= + dθ= θ/2 − +c c∈R
2 2 4

Calculate
Z
dx
b.) .
e −x + e x

Answer.
ex
Z Z
1
−x 2x
dx= dx Let e x = u =⇒ e x dx = du
Ze (1 + e ) (1 + e 2x )
du
= = arctan u + c= arctan (e x ) + c c ∈ R
1 + u2

105 / 143
Question 83.
π
Let f : R → R+ . Show that f (x) = e arctan x has an inverse and find (f −1 )0 (e 3 ).

Answer.
1
f 0 (x) = (arctan x)0 e arctan x = e arctan x ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ R
1 + x2
Thus, f (x) is an increase function and it has inverse.

0 1
Definition: If f (x) = y , then f −1 (y ) = 0 .
f (x)
π π √
f (x) = e arctan x = e 3 =⇒ arctan x = =⇒ x = 3
3

0  π  1
f −1 e3 = √

f0 3
−1
0
 π 1 4 −π/3
f e = 1 √ = π = 4e
3
e arctan 3 e 3
1+3

106 / 143
Question 84.
Suppose that the differentiable function y = f (x) has an inverse and that the
graph of f passes through the point (2, 4) and has a slope 1/3 there. Find the
df −1
value of at x = 4.
dx
Answer.
1
Since (2,4) is on y = f (x), f (2) = 4. Since f has a slope of at (2,4),
3
1
f 0 (2) = .
3
df −1  1

= 0 −1
dx x=4 f (f (4))

1
= 0
f (2)
1
= 1 =3
3

107 / 143
Question 85.
Show that f 0 (0) = 1 where f (x) = sin(e x − 1) by using the definition of
derivative.
(Do not use L’Hopital Rule)

Answer.
f (x + h) − f (x)
Definition of derivative: f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
0 sin(e h − 1) − sin(e 0 − 1) sin(e h − 1)
f (0) = lim = lim
 h→0 h h   h→0h h
sin(e − 1) (e h − 1)
  h 
sin(e − 1) e −1
= lim = lim lim
h h→0 eh − 1 h h→0 eh − 1 h→0
i h
e h − 1 = u =⇒ e h = u + 1 =⇒ h = ln(u + 1)
       
sin u u u 1
lim lim = 1 · lim = lim
u→0 u u→0 ln(u + 1) u→0 ln(u + 1) u→0 ln(u + 1)1/u
1 1
=  = =1
ln limu→0 (u + 1)1/u ln e

108 / 143
Question 86.
Let f : R+ → R
a.) Find the derivative of f (x) = (1 + ln x)x .

Answer.
Let y = f (x) =⇒ y = (1 + ln x)x
Take ln of each part, then ln y = x ln (1 + ln x).
1
y0 x
= ln (1 + ln x) + x
y  1 + ln x   
0 1 1
y = y ln (1 + ln x) + = (1 + ln x)x ln (1 + ln x) +
1 + ln x 1 + ln x
Z f (x)
b.) Compute g 0 (1) if g (x) = (cos 12 t)dt by using f (x) given in a.
x

Answer.
By using fundamental theorem of calculus,
g 0 (x) = f 0 (x) cos12 f (x) − (x)0 cos12 x= f 0 (x) cos12 f (x) − cos12 x

g 0 (1) = f 0 (1) cos12 f (1) − cos12 1

= 1 [ln (1 + ln 1) + 1] cos12 (1 + ln 1)1 − cos12 1
 

= cos12 1 − cos12 1 = 0

109 / 143
QuestionZ 87.
ln 3
Calculate (1 − x)e |x| dx
ln(1/3)

Answer.
Z ln 3 Z ln 3 Z ln 3 Z ln 3
|x| |x| |x|
(1 − x)e dx = (1 − x)e dx= e dx − xe |x| dx
ln(1/3) − ln(3) − ln(3) − ln(3)
Let g (x) = xe |x| =⇒ g (−x) = (−x)e |−x| = −xe |x| = −g (x)
Z ln 3
Thus g (x) = xe |x| is odd function and xe |x| dx = 0
− ln(3)

Z ln 3 Z ln 3
(1 − x)e |x| dx = e |x| dx
ln(1/3) − ln(3)
Z 0 Z ln 3
= e −x dx + e x dx
− ln 3 0
0 ln 3
= −e −x  + ex 
 
− ln 3 0
   
= − 1 − e ln 3 + e ln 3 − 1

= 2e ln 3 − 2
=2·3−2=4

110 / 143
QuestionZ 88.
√
Evaluate cos x dx

Answer.
√ 1
Let x = t, then √ dx = dt =⇒ dx = 2t dt
2 x
√
Z Z
So, cos xdx = cos t 2t dt
 
u = 2t v = sin t
du = 2 dt dv = cos t dt
Z Z
Integration by parts: u dv = uv − v du

Z Z
cos t 2t dt = 2t sin t − 2 sin t dt

= 2t sin t + 2 cos t + c
√ √ √
= 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + c

111 / 143
QuestionZ 89.
√
Evaluate e− x
dx

Answer.
√ 1
Let x = t, then √ dx = dt =⇒ dx = 2t dt
2 x
√
Z Z
So, e − x dx = 2 e−t t dt

We will use integration by parts to solve this integral ;

Z Z
Integration by parts: u dv = uv − v du
v = −e −t
 
u=t
du = dt dv = e −t dt
Z Z
−t −t
2 e t dt = −2e t −2 (−e −t ) dt

= −2e −t t − 2e −t + c
= −2e −t (t + 1) + c
√
Now, if we write x instead of t then we have ;
√ √ √
Z
e − x dx = −2− x ( x + 1) + c
112 / 143
QuestionZ 90.
2
Evaluate ln(x 2 + 1)dx
0

Answer.
We
Z will use integration
Z by parts to solve this integral.
u dv = uv − v du

Let ln(x 2 + 1) = u and dx = dv .

2x
Then 2 dx = du and x = v .
x +1

Z 2 2 Z 2
2x
ln(x 2 + 1) dx = x ln(x 2 + 1) − x· dx

0 0 0 x2 + 1
Z 2
2
= 2 · ln 5 − 2−
2 +1
)dx
0 x
2 2
= 2 · ln 5 − 2x  + 2 arctan x 
 
0 0
= 2 · ln 5 − 4 + 2 arctan 2

113 / 143
QuestionZ 91.
Evaluate x arcsin xdx

Answer.
Let u = arcsin x and dv = xdx
1 x2
Then du = √ dx and =v
 2
1 −Zx 2
Z
u dv = uv − v du
x2
Z Z 2
x 1
x arcsin xdx = · arcsin x − ·√ dx
2 2 1 − x2
Now, we will use trigonometric substitution to solve last integral.
Let x = sinu. Then dx = cosudu

x2 (sin u)2
Z Z
1
x arcsin xdx = · arcsin x − ·p cos udu
2 2 1 − (sin u)2
x2
Z
1
= · arcsin x − sin2 udu
2 2
x2
Z
1 1 − cos 2u
= · arcsin x − du
2 2 2
2
 
x 1 u sin 2u
= · arcsin x − − +c
2 2 2 4 114 / 143
Answer.

x2
Z  
1 2 sin u cos u
x arcsin xdx = · arcsin x − u− +c
2 4 2
x2 u sin u cos u
= · arcsin x − − +c
2 4 4
2
√
x arcsin x x 1 − x2
= · arcsin x − + +c
2 4 4
√
1
x 1 − x2
= (2x 2 − 1) arcsin x + +c
4 4

115 / 143
QuestionZ 92.
Evaluate x(ln x)2 dx

Answer.
Integration by parts. Let u = (ln x)2 and dv = xdx.
x2
Z Z 
2 ln x
Then du = dx and = v. u dv = uv − v du
x 2

x2
Z Z 2
x 2 ln x
x(ln x)2 dx = (ln x)2 − · dx
2 2 x
x2
Z
= (ln x)2 − x ln xdx
2
Z
Now, in order to evaluate x ln xdx we will apply integration by parts method
again.
x2
 
 u = ln x v=
2 
 1 
du = dx dv = xdx
x

116 / 143
Answer.
x2
 
 u = ln x v=
2 
 1 
du = dx dv = xdx
x
x2
Z Z
x(ln x)2 dx = (ln x)2 − x ln xdx
2
x2
 2 Z 2 
2 x x 1
= (ln x) − (ln x) − dx
2 2 2 x
x2 x2
Z
1
= (ln x)2 − (ln x) + xdx
2 2 2
x2 x2 1
= (ln x)2 − (ln x) + x 2 + c
2 2 4
x2
 
2 1
= (ln x) − (ln x) + +c
2 2

117 / 143
QuestionZ 93.
1
Evaluate x cosh 2xdx
0

Answer. Z Z 
Integration by parts u dv = uv − v du

Let u = x and dv = cosh 2xdx.

sinh 2x
Then du = dx and v = .
2
Z 1 Z 1
x sinh(2x) 1 sinh(2x)

x cosh xdx = − dx
2 2

0 0 0
x sinh(2x) 1 cosh(2x) 1
 
=  −
2 4

0 0
 
sinh(2) 1
= − 0 − [cosh(2) − 1]
2 4
1
= (2 sinh(2) − cosh(2) + 1)
4

e θ + e −θ e θ − e −θ
Note: cosh θ = sinh θ =
2 2
118 / 143
QuestionZ 94.
dx
Evaluate by using the substitution u = tan x.
cos2 x − sin2 x
Answer.
Let u = tan x.
du
Then du = (1 + tan2 x)dx =⇒ dx =
1 + u2
1 u
u = tan x =⇒ cos x = √ and sin x = √
1 + u2 1 + u2
Now, if we plug all identities we have found above we have;
Z Z du
dx 1+u 2
=
cos2 x − sin2 x
 2  2
√1 − √u
1+u 2 1+u 2
Z
du
=
1 − u2
Z  
1 1 1
= + du
2 1+u 1−u
1
= (ln(1 + u) − ln(1 − u)) + c
2  
1 1+u
= ln +c
2 1−u
119 / 143
Answer.
Z   
dx 1 1+u
= ln +c
cos2 x − sin2 x 2 1−u
If we write tan x instead of u , then we get the result.
Z   
dx 1 1 + tan x
= ln +c
cos2 x − sin2 x 2 1 − tan x

120 / 143
QuestionZ 95.
dx
Evaluate p by using a hyperbolic substitutıon.
x 1 + (ln x)2

Answer.
Let ln x = sinh u. Note : cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1

1
Then dx = cosh udu.
x
So,
Z Z
dx cosh u
p dx = p du
x 1 + (ln x)2 1 + sinh2 u
Z
cosh u
= √ du
Z cosh2 u
= du

=u+c
= sinh−1 (ln x) + c

Note: ln x = sinh u =⇒ u = sinh−1 (ln x) where sinh−1 is inverse of sinh.

121 / 143
Question 96. Z
Write a reduction Formula for In = x n cos xdx .

Answer.
Z Z 
u dv = uv − v du Integration by parts.
u = xn
 
v = cosx
n−1
du = nx dx dv = sin x dx
Z Z
In = x n cos xdx = x n sin x − nx n−1 sin xdx

For the last part of the integral we will apply Integration by parts again.
u = x n−1
 
v = − cos x
n−2 So,
du = (n − 1)x dx dv = sin x dx
Z Z
In = x n cos xdx = x n sin x − n x n−1 sin xdx
 Z 
= x n sin x − n x n−1 (− cos x) − (n − 1) x n−2 (− cos x)dx
Z
= x n sin x + nx n−1 cos x − n(n − 1) x n−2 cos xdx
Z
Notice that x n−2 cos xdx = In−2
122 / 143
Answer.
Thus,
Z Z
In = x n cos xdx = x n sin x + nx n−1 cos x − n(n − 1) x n−2 cos xdx

= x n sin x + nx n−1 cos x − n(n − 1)In−2

123 / 143
Question 97.
x4 + 9
Z
Evaluate the integral dx.
x 4 + 9x 2
Answer.

x4 + 9 x 4 + 9+9x 2 − 9x 2
Z Z
dx = dx
x 4 + 9x 2 x 4 + 9x 2
9 − 9x 2
Z Z
= dx + dx
x 4 + 9x 2

9 − 9x 2 A B Cx + D
= + 2 + 2
x 2 (x 2 + 9) x x x +9

−9x 2 + 9 = Ax 3 + 9Ax + Bx 2 + 9B + Cx 3 + Dx 2
= x 3 (A + C ) + x 2 (B + D) + x(9A) + 9B

A = 0, B = 1, C = 0, D = −10
Z Z Z
1 1 1 10 x
dx + dx − 10 dx = x − − arctan( ) + c
x2 x2 + 9 x 3 3
124 / 143
Question 98. Z
5x
Evaluate the integral dx.
(x + 2)(x 2 + 1)

Answer.
5x A Bx + C
= + 2
(x + 2)(x 2 + 1) x +2 x +1

5x = A(x 2 + 1) + (Bx + C )(x + 2)

= (A + B)x 2 + (C + 2B)x + A + 2C

⇓
A = −2, B = 2, C = 1
Now, we calculate the integral.
Z Z Z Z
5x −2 2x 1
dx = dx + dx + dx
(x + 2)(x 2 + 1) x +2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
= −2 ln |x + 2| + ln |x 2 + 1| + arctan(x) + c

125 / 143
Question 99.
√
Z
Evaluate the integral 1 + e x dx.

Answer.
√
Let 1 + ex = u
ex 2udu
Then e x = u 2 − 1 and √ dx = du ⇒ dx = 2
2 1 + ex u −1
2u 2
Z Z 2 Z  
u +1 − 1 1
du = 2 du = 2 1 + du
u2 − 1 u2 − 1 (u − 1)(u + 1)
1 A B
= +
(u − 1)(u + 1) u−1 u+1

⇓
1 1
A= , B=−
2 2
Now, the integral will be calculated.
Z   Z  
1 1 1
2 1+ du = 2+ − du
(u − 1)(u + 1) (u − 1) (u + 1)
= 2u + ln |u − 1| − ln |u + 1| + c
√
√ 1 + ex − 1
= 2 1 + e x + ln( √ )+c
1 + ex + 1 126 / 143
Question 100.
x3
Z
Evaluate the integral dx.
x2 + 2x + 1
Answer.
x3
Z Z Z
3x + 2
2
dx = (x − 2)dx + dx
x + 2x + 1 x 2 + 2x + 1
3x + 2 A B
= + ⇒ A = 3, B = −1
(x + 1)2 x +1 (x + 1)2
Z Z Z
3x + 2 3 1
2
dx = dx − dx
x + 2x + 1 x +1 (x + 1)2
Let x + 1 = u, dx = du:
Z Z
1 1 1 1
dx = du = − + c1 = − + c1
(x + 1)2 u2 u x +1
Now, we will calculate the integral.

x3
Z Z Z Z
3 1
dx = (x − 2)dx + dx − dx
x 2 + 2x + 1 x +1 (x + 1)2
x2 1
= − 2x + 3 ln |x + 1| + +c
2 x +1
127 / 143
Question 101. Z
dx
Evaluate the integral .
e x + e x/2
Answer.
Let e x/2 = m
2
Then x = 2 ln m and dx = dm
m
Z Z
dx dm
= 2
e x + e x/2 m2 (m + 1)
2 A B C
= + + 2
m2 (m + 1) m+1 m m

⇓
A=2 B = −2, C =2
Now, we will evaluate the integral.
Z  
2 2 2 2
− + 2 dm = 2 ln |m + 1| − 2 ln |m| − +c
m+1 m m 3m3
e x/2 + 1 2 1
= 2 ln | |− +c
e x/2 3 (e x/2 )3

128 / 143
Question 102. Z
1
Evaluate the integral √ dx.
4x 2 − 4x + 5
Answer.
Z Z Z
1 1 1
√ dx = p dx = q dx.
4x 2 − 4x + 5 (2x − 1)2 + 4 2x−1 2
2 ( 2 ) +1

2x − 1 −π π
Let = tan u, ⇒ ≤u≤
2 2 2
Then dx = sec2 (u)du
Now, we will calculate the integral.

sec2 (u) sec2 (u)

Z Z
1 1
du = du
| sec(u)|
p
2 tan2 (u) + 1 2
Z
1
= sec(u)du
2
1
= ln | sec(u) + tan(u)| + c
2
1 2x − 1 2x − 1
= ln | sec(arctan( )+ |+c
2 2 2
129 / 143
Question 103. Z
1
Evaluate the integral √ dx.
x 2 + 2x
Answer.
Using x 2 + 2x = x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1, we rewrite the integral as in the following.
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = p dx.
x 2 + 2x + 1 − 1 (x + 1)2 − 1
π
Let x + 1 = sec(u), ⇒ 0≤u≤
2
Then dx = sec(u) tan(u)du,
Now, we calculate the integral as
Z Z
1 sec(u) tan(u)
p dx = p du
(x + 1)2 − 1 sec2 (u) − 1
Z
sec(u) tan(u)
= p du
tan2 (u)
Z
sec(u) tan(u) π
= du, 0 ≤ u ≤
| tan(u)| 2
Z
= sec(u)du = ln | sec(u) + tan(u)| + c

= ln |x + 1 + tan(sec−1 (x + 1))| + c
130 / 143
Question 104. Z
dx
Evaluate the integral .
(x 2 − 1)3/2

Answer.
π
Let x = sec(u), ⇒ 0≤u≤
2
Then dx = sec(u) tan(u)du
By using sec2 (u) − 1 = tan2 (u), we have
Z Z
dx tan(u) sec(u)
= 3 du,
(x 2 − 1)3/2 (tan2 u) 2
Z
tan(u) sec(u) π
= du, 0≤u≤
| tan(u)|3 2
Z
sec(u)
= du
tan2 (u)
Z
cos(u)
= du
sin2 (u)
1
= − +c
sin(u)
1
= − +c
sin(sec−1 (x))

131 / 143
Question 105. Z
dx
Evaluate the integral √ .
x2 1 − x2

Answer.
Let x = sin(u), ⇒ −π/2 ≤ u ≤ π/2

Then dx = cos(u)du

The corresponding integral can be rewritten as

Z Z
dx cos(u)
√ = p du
2
x 1−x 2
sin u 1 − sin2 (u)
2
Z
cos(u) −π π
= du, ≤u≤
| cos(u)| sin2 (u) 2 2
Z
cos(u)
= du
cos(u) sin2 (u)
Z
1
= du
sin2 (u)
= − cot(u) + c
= − cot(arcsin(x)) + c

132 / 143
Question 106.
Evaluate the integral Z
cos x dx
sin x cos x + sin x
by using the substitution u = tan(x/2).
Answer.
x 
Let tan =u
2
2du
Then dx =
1 + u2
and
2
2u 1−u
sin x = , cos x = .
1 + u2 1 + u2
So, we have
1−u 2
(1 − u 2 )du
Z Z Z  
2 2du 11 u
1+u  = = − du
2u 1−u 2
+1 1 + u2 2u 2u 2
1+u 2 1+u 2

ln |u| u2
= − +c
2 4
ln | tan(x/2)| tan2 (x/2)
= − +c
2 4

133 / 143
Question 107.
∞
x sin2 x
Z
Use comparison tests to determine whether dx is convergent or
1 ex
not.

Answer.
x sin2 x x
First, observe that ≤ x for positive values of x.
ex e
1
Now we will compare with 2 .
x
1/x 2 e x L’Hospital
We have lim = lim = ∞.
x x→∞ x 3
Z ∞ x→∞ x/e
dx
As converges by p−test (p = 2 > 1),
1 x2 Z ∞
x
By Limit Comparison Test (LCT), x
dx also converges.
1 e Z ∞
x sin2 x
Then, by Direct Comparison Test (DCT), dx is convergent.
1 ex

134 / 143
Question 108. Z π
2 tan θ
Investigate the convergence of I = √ dθ
0 sec θ
Answer.
Z π Z a  
2 sin θ sin θ u = cos θ
I = dθ = lim dθ
0 (cos θ)1/2 a→ π
2
−
0 (cos θ)1/2 du = − sin θ dθ

Z cos a Z cos a
−du
I = lim = lim −u −1/2 du
a→ π2
−
1 u 1/2 a→ π
2
−
1
cos a 
u 1/2   √ √ 

= lim − = lim −2 cos a + 2 1 = 2
a→ π −
2
1/2 
1 a→2
π −

So, the integral converges.

135 / 143
Question 109.
∞
3 − sin2 x
Z
Determine whether √ dx converges or not.
3 x

Answer.
Observe that
3 − sin2 x 2
√ ≥ √ ≥0
x x
Z ∞
1
We know by p−test that 1/2
dx is divergent.
Z ∞ Z ∞3 x
1 2
So, 2 √ dx = √ dx is divergent.
3 x 3 x
Hence, by Direct Comparison Test, the integral diverges.

136 / 143
Question 110. Z ∞
1
Investigate the convergence or divergence of the integral dx by
3 x − e −x
using a convenient test.

Answer.
Observe that
1 1
≥
x − e −x x
Z ∞
1
We know that dx is divergent by p−test (p = 1 ≤ 1).
3 x
Z ∞
1
So, by Direct Comparison Test, dx is also divergent.
3 x − e −x

137 / 143
Question 111.
Let f be a continuous and differentiable function on R. Assume that
lim f (x) = L. For which values of L, if any, can you deduce the
x→∞ Z ∞
convergence/divergence
 of
 f (x) dx?
Answer.  f (x)  2
If L 6= 0 then lim   = +∞.
x→∞ 1/x 
Z ∞
1
We know that dx is divergent by p−test (p = 1 ≤ 1).
2 x Z ∞
So, by Limit Comparison Test, f (x) dx is also divergent.
2
If L = 0 then we cannot say anything about the convergence/divergence of the
integral.
x x
For example f (x) = 2 and f (x) = 4 are both possible
x +1 x +1
( lim f (x) = 0).
x→∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
x x
But dx is divergent whereas dx is convergent.
2 x2 + 1 2 x4 + 1

138 / 143
Question 112.
x
sin−1 x + 0 (t 2 + 1)dt
R
lim =?
x→0 ex − 1
Answer.

√1 + x2 + 1
( 00 ) 1−x 2
? = lim
x→0 ex

√1 + 02 + 1
1−02
=
e0

=2

139 / 143
Question 113.
1/ ln x
sin(x 2 )
 
lim =?
x→0+

Answer.
Let L =?. Then,
  
1/ ln x 1/ ln x 
sin(x 2 ) sin(x 2 )

ln L = ln lim = lim ln
x→0+ x→0+

cos(x 2 )·2x

ln sin(x 2 ) ( ∞

∞
) sin(x 2 )
= lim = lim
x→0+ ln x x→0+ 1/x

x2
= lim · lim 2 cos(x 2 ) = 1 · 2 = 2
x→0+ sin(x 2 ) x→0+

So, L = e 2 .

140 / 143
Question
Z x 114.
1 2
lim e t dt =?
x→0+ x 0

Answer.

Rx 2 2
0
e t dt ( 00 ) ex
? = lim = lim =1
x→0+ x x→0+ 1

141 / 143
Question 115.
lim (1 − x)1/x =?
x→0

Answer.
Let lim (1 − x)1/x = L.
x→0

1
ln L = lim ln(1 − x)1/x = lim ln(1 − x)
x→0 x→0 x

−1
ln(1 − x) ( 00 ) 1−x
= lim = lim = −1
x→0 x x→0 1
So, L = e −1 .

142 / 143
Question 116.
x 3 − 27
lim R 3x =?
x→3
9
cos(πt 2 ) dt

Answer.

( 00 ) 3x 2
? = lim
x→3 cos(π(3x)2 ) · 3

27
=
cos(81π) · 3

= −9

143 / 143