MATHEMATICS

MTHE01P03
Lecture 1
 Math 1 for Eng. MTHE01P03
Module Leader: Dr. Ahmed Morsy
e‐mail: ahmed.morsy@bue.edu.eg
Office: room 206 building A 

You can come and meet me at my office at any time…

Our module MTHE01P03 is of 10 credits  = 3 +  7

Contact hours: Student effort:
3Hrs Æ Lectures Your study, home 
2Hrs Æ Tutorials works, etc.
Assessment:

70% Æ Final unseen exam
15% Æ Class test  
15% Æ Course work   

According to the British system of grading, to pass 
any module you have to get an over all mark of 
at least 40 %
Main Textbook: Calculus, Early Transcendental 
Functions, Fourth Edition.  
by: Robert T. Smith, Roland B. Minton
McRraw‐Hill Publications

E‐learning web site:
http://elearning.bue.edu.eg

E‐Recourses and online assignments web site:
http://connect.mcgraw-
hill.com/class/ahmed_morsy_bue_eng_prep_year
 Contents of The Module
1. Limits of functions 
2. Continuity 
3. The derivative, basic rules and formulas
4. Inverse trigonometric functions 
5. Logarithmic and exponential functions
6. Hyperbolic and Inverse hyperbolic functions 
7. Applications of the derivative
8. Integrals (Indefinite and Definite)
9. Techniques of integration
 Limits
y
From left
not on the graph

lim f ( x) = L L From right
x→a

a‐ a+ x
a
We can make f(x) as close to L by choosing x
as close to “a” but x ≠ a
exist
lim f ( x) = L ⇔ lim− f ( x) = L = lim+ f ( x)
x→a if and only if x→a x→a
 The Concept of limit
Example 1
x2 − 4
Consider the following limit lim
x →2 x − 2

For the left limit:

x2 − 4
lim− =4
x →2 x − 2
For the right limit: 

x2 − 4
lim+ =4
x →2 x − 2

x2 − 4
Then we say that the limit exits such that: lim =4
x →2 x − 2
 Limits That Does not Exist 
In many cases the limit of a function does not exist

Example 2

x −5 2
lim Does not exist because of the following
x→2 x − 2

The left limit The right limit

x2 − 5 x2 − 5
lim =∞ lim = −∞
x → 2− x − 2 x → 2+ x − 2
 Computing limits
1‐To find the limit of a continuous function:
direct substitution (with x = a) will work directly  lim x + 1
2
x →3
2‐Use algebraic simplification:
(factoring the numerator and denominator) to cancel the divergent 
terms (if any) then substitute directly with x = a

lim
x2 − 4
= lim
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
= lim
x+2
=4
x →2 x − 2 x →2 x−2 x →2 1
Some algebraic 
simplifications  x 2 − a 2 = ( x − a)( x + a)
x3 − a 3 = ( x − a )( x 2 + ax + a 2 )
x + a = ( x + a )( x − ax + a )
3 3 2 2
 Example 3
20
⎧3 − x x < 1 18
⎪ 16
f(x) = ⎨4 x =1 14

⎪x2 + 1 x > 1 12
⎩ 10
8
6
4
2
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( 3 − x ) = 2
x →1 x →1 lim f ( x ) = 2
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( x + 1) = 2
2 x →1

x →1 x →1
Techniques to Find Limits
 The Squeeze Theorem

h(x)
y

L
g(x)
Example 4
f(x)
1
lim x sin 2 = 0 ??
2
x →0 x a x
 More Limiting Techniques

Rule 1

x n − an n −1
lim =na
x →a x − a The proof is by long division

Example 5

x 5 − 32 x 5 − 25 5 −1
lim = lim = 5 × 2 = 5 × 2 = 5 ×16
4
x →2 x − 2 x →2 x − 2

= 80
Rule 2

x n − an n n −m
lim m = a
x →a x −a m
m Try to prove it now

Example 6

x − 32
5
x −2
5 5
5 5−3 5 2 5
lim 3 = lim 3 3 = × 2 = × 2 = × 4
x →2 x − 8 x→2 x − 2 3 3 3
20
=
3
Rule 3

sin x
lim =1 Try to prove it now
x →0 x

Noting that

sin ax
lim =a
x →0 x Why ?
Example 7

sin 3x
lim =3
x →0 x

sin 5( x − 1) sin 5 y
lim = lim =5
x →1 x −1 y →0 y
Example 8

⎛ sin 4 x ⎞
⎜ ⎟
lim
tan 4 x
= lim ⎝ cos 4 x ⎠
= lim
sin 4 x 1
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x cos 4 x

= 4 ×1

=4
 Some Trigonometric Rules

cos x + sin x = 1
2 2

cos(x ± y ) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y

sin(x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
cos 2x = cos x − sin x
2 2

Try to prove
sin 2x = 2sin x cos x
1 1
cos x = (1 + cos 2 x)
2
sin x = (1 − cos 2 x)
2

2 2
Try to prove
Example 9
⎛ x⎞
2sin 2 ⎜ ⎟
1 − cos x ⎝2⎠ x
lim = lim ×
x →0 x x →0 x x

⎛x⎞
sin 2 ⎜ ⎟
= lim 2 x ⎝2⎠
x →0 x2

2
⎛ ⎛ x⎞⎞
⎜ sin ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎟ 2
⎛1⎞
= lim 2 x × lim ⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟ = 0×⎜ ⎟ = 0
x →0 x →0
⎜ x ⎟ ⎝2⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
For more details about this lecture you may use the following:

• Our text book, chapter one sections 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5
• Calculus by: Swokowski, Earl William, Brooks/Cole Publications
• Essential Calculus, Early Transcendental by: James Stewart, 
Brooks/Cole Publications
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_%28mathematics%29
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_function