ADV LALITA PATIL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL(CBSE) AMALNER

2021-22

“APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES”

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED

BY:
Prof. Mrs. Ashwini Chaudhari Mr. Yash A.
Mahajan

TEACHERS SIGNATURE EXTERNAL SIGNATURE PRINCIPAL

SIGNATURE
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Yash A. Mahajan of

class of 12th (PCM) has completed
investigatory project of mathematics entitled
“APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES”.

It is prepared under the guidance of my

Maths Teacher “Mrs. Ashwini Chaudhari”

Signature Signature
(Math’s Teacher) (Principal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to the school Principal, Mr. Vikas G.
Chaudhari for his encouragement and provided
facilities for this school project. I sincerely
appreciate his generosity by taking me into his
fold for which I shall remain indebted to him.

I extent my appreciation to Mrs. Ashwini

Chaudhari, our mathematics teacher who guided
me to the successful competition of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude to her invaluable guidance, ongoing
encouragement, enormous motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of project
development.

I can’t forget to offer my since thanks to our lab

assistant and classmates who helped me to carry
out this project successfully and for their valuable
advice and support which I have received all the
time.

Then I would like to thank my parents who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance that has been helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project.

Mr Yash Mahajan
  INDEX
1 CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3 INDEX

4 WHAT IS DERIVATIVE IN CALCULUS

5 WHO FOUND DERIVATIVE

6 WHAT IS MEANING OF DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS

7 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO DIFFERENTIATE

A FUNCTION IN CALCULUS

8 APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Who found the Derivative?

Calculus was discovered by Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz in 17th Century. But it was not possible without the
early developments of Isaac Barrow about the derivatives in
16th century.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the symbols dx, dy,

and dx/dy in 1675.This shows the functional relationship
between dependent and independent variable.
Joseph Louis Lagrange introduced the prime notation fꞌ(x).
These two are the commonly used notations. There are two
more notations introduced by
Newton and Euler.
Newton’s Notation ẏ
Euler’s Notation  Dxf(x)

 What is the meaning of Differential

calculus?

Calculus comes from the Latin word which means small

stones. Here differential calculus is to cut something into
small pieces to find how it changes.
Basically, derivatives are the differential calculus and
integration is the integral calculus.
Derivatives tell us the rate of change of one variable with
respect to another.

 What does it mean to differentiate a

function in calculus?
Differentiation means to find the rate of change of a
function or you can say that the process of finding a
derivative is called differentiation.
For Example:
Speed tells us how fast the object is moving and that speed is
the rate of change of distance covered with respect to time. So
we can say that speed is the differentiation of distance with
respect to time.
To differentiate a function, we need to find its derivative
function using the formula.

Here x∈ (a, b) and f is differentiable on (a, b).

 Example
What is the differentiation of a function f(x) = x3.
Solution:
Given f(x) = x3,
So, f (x + Δx) = (x + Δx)3
Now expand (x + Δx)3
f (x + Δx) = x3 + 3x2 Δx + 3x (Δx)2 + (Δx)3

Put the values of f(x+Δx) and f(x) in formula

 Application of Derivatives

We had studied about the computation of derivatives that

is, how to find the derivatives of different function like
composite functions, implicit functions, trigonometric
functions and logarithm functions etc.
But now in the application of derivatives we will see how and
where to apply the concept of derivatives.
Generally, the concepts of derivatives are applied in science,
engineering, statistics and many other fields.
Some of the applications of derivatives are:

 To find the rate of change of a quantity

This is the basic use of derivative to find the instantaneous rate

of change of quantity.
For Example, to find if the volume of sphere is decreasing then
at what rate the radius will decrease.
If we have one quantity y which varies with another quantity x,
following some rule that is, y = f(x), then 

represents the rate of change of y with respect to x.

 To find equation of tangent and normal for a curve at a

point

Tangent is a line which touches a curve at a point and if it will be

extended then will not cross it at that point.
Normal is line which is perpendicular to the tangent to the curve at
that point.

The equation of a line passes through a point (x1, y1) with finite slope
m is
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
As we know that if the function is y = f(x) then the slope of the
tangent to the curve at point (x1, y1) is defined by fꞌ(x1).
So, the equation of the tangent to the curve at point (x1, y1) will be
y – y1 = fꞌ(x1) (x – x1)
and as the normal is perpendicular to the tangent the slope of the
normal to the curve y = f(x) at (x1, y1) is

So, the equation of the normal to the curve is

Example –1 Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve x(⅔)+ y(⅔) =
2 at (1, 1)
Solution:
Given curve: x(⅔)+ y(⅔) = 2
Finding Equation of Tangent:
Now, differentiate the curve with respect to x, we get
(⅔)x(-⅓) + (⅔)y(-⅓) dy/dx = 0
The above equation can be written as:
dy/dx = -[y/x] ⅓
Hence, the slope of the tangent at the point (1, 1) is dy/dx] (1,1) = -1
Now, substituting the slope value in the tangent equation, we get
Equation of tangent at (1, 1) is 
y-1 = -1(x-1)
y+x-2 = 0
Thus, the equation of tangent to the curve at (1, 1) is y+x-2 =0
Finding Equation of Normal:
The slope of the normal at the point (1, 1) is 
= -1/slope of the tangent at (1, 1)
= -1/ -1
=1
Therefore, the slope of the normal is 1. 
Hence, the equation of the normal is 
y-1 = 1(x-1)
y-x = 0
Therefore, the equation of the normal to the curve at (1, 1) is y-x =0

 To find the interval in which a function is increasing or decreasing

We use the derivative to find if a function is increasing or decreasing or none.

On an interval in which a function f is continuous and differentiable, a function

will be
 Increasing if fꞌ(x) is positive on that interval that is, dy/dx >0
 Decreasing if fꞌ(x) is negative on that interval that is, dy/dx < 0
Constant if fꞌ(x) = 0 on that interval.
  To find turning point of a curve and hence find maximum and
minimum values
This helps to find the turning points of the graph so that
we can find that at what point the graph reaches its
highest or lowest point. This helps in drawing the graph.
 At x= c if f(x) ≤ f(c) for every x in the domain then
f(x) has an Absolute Maximum.
 At x = c if f(x) ≤ f(c) for every x in in some open
interval (a, b) then f(x) has a Relative Maximum.
 At x= c if f(x) ≥ f(c) for every x in the domain then
f(x) has an Absolute Minimum.
 At x = c if f(x) ≥ f(c) for every x in in some open
interval (a, b) then f(x) has a Relative Minimum.

Here in the above figure, it is absolute maximum at x = d

and absolute minimum at x = a.
Relative maximum at x = b and relative minimum at x = c.
Relative minimum and maximum will collectively
called Relative Extrema and absolute minimum and
maximum will be called Absolute Extrema.

Examples- 1
Find the intervals of concavity and the inflection
points of f(x) = –2x3 + 6x2 – 10x + 5.
 Ans:
To solve this problem, start by finding the second
derivative.

Now set it equal to 0 and solve.

Check for x values where the second derivative is

undefined. (There are none.)
Now test your two regions, to the left and to the right
of x = 1.
Make a sign graph, as shown here.

Because the concavity switches at x = 1 and because

equals zero there, there’s an inflection point at x = 1.

Find the height of the inflection point.

Thus, f is concave up from negative infinity to the

inflection point at (1, –1), and then concave down from
there to infinity.

 To find approximate values of a quantity:

We use differentiation to find the approximate values of the certain quantities. If
there is a very small change in one variable correspond to the other variable
then we use the differentiation to find the approximate value.
The differentiation of x is represented by dx is defined by dx = x where x is the
minor change in x.
The differential of y is represented by dy is defined by (dy/dx) ∆x = x.
As x is very small compared to x, so dy is the approximation of hence dy = y.

 Real life Applications of Derivatives

 The odometer and the speedometer in
the vehicles which tells the driver the speed
and distance, generally worked through
derivatives to transform the data in miles per
hour and distance.
 In the business we can find the profit and
loss by using the derivatives, through
converting the data into graph.
 In physics it is used to find the velocity of the
body and the Newton’s second law of motion
is also says that the derivative of the
momentum of a body equals the force applied
to the body.
 In economics, to find the marginal cost of the
product and the marginal revenue to the
company, we use the derivatives. For
example, if the cost of producing x units is
the p(x) to the company then the derivative
of p(x) will be the marginal cost that
is, Marginal Cost = dP/dx
 In geology, it is used to find the rate of flow
of heat. Like this, derivatives are useful in
our daily life to find how something is
changing as “change is life.”
 

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 12TH NCERT BOOK (Mathematics)

 askIITians

 Tutorial. Maths

 CEUMATH