Classification Of Signals

Chapter 2

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

1. Continuous-Time And Discrete-Time Signals

The identification is based on Horizontal: X-Axis or TIME

^ĂŵƉůŝŶŐ

Continuous-time signal x(t) Discrete-time signal x[n]

A discrete-time signal x[n] can obtained by sampling a continuous-time

signal x(t) :
‫ݐ ݔ‬଴ ǡ ‫ݐ ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ‫ݐ ݔ‬௡ ,…. or
‫ Ͳ ݔ‬, ‫ ͳ ݔ‬, ……, ‫ ݊ ݔ‬, ..… or
‫ݔ‬଴ , ‫ݔ‬ଵ , …. , ‫ݔ‬௡ , …..

‫ݔ‬௡ αx[n] = x(‫ݐ‬௡ Ȍ

9‫ݔ‬௡ = samples
9sampling interval = the time interval between samples (‫ݔ‬௡ )

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 Classification Of Signals

Sampling intervals are equal (uniform sampling)

‫ݔ‬௡ αx[n] = x(݊ܶ௦ Ȍ

Example of calculating the nth value of the sequence.

௡
ͳ
‫ ݊ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬௡ ൌ ൞ ʹ ݊൒Ͳ
Ͳ ݊൏Ͳ
or ௡
ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫݊ݔ‬ ൌ ͳǡ ǡ ǡ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡǥ
ʹ Ͷ ʹ
͞Ϭ͟ďĞĨŽƌĞĂŶĚĂĨƚĞƌ
ƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂŶƚƐŝŐŶĂů
Write the sequences of discrete signal. ĂƌĞŶĞŐůĞĐƚ

ȓ‫ݔ‬௡ ȔαȓǤǤǤǡͲǡͲǡͳǡʹǡʹǡͳǡͲǡͳǡͲǡʹǡͲǡͲǡǤǤǤȔ
or
ȓ‫ݔ‬௡ ȔαȓͳǡʹǡʹǡͳǡͲǡͳǡͲǡʹȔ
ƌƌŽǁƐŚŽǁ
ƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐŝŐŶĂů

2. Analog And Digital Signals

The identification is based on Vertical: Y-Axis or AMPLITUDE

signal whose amplitude

can take on any value in a
continuous range

signal whose amplitude

can take only a finite
number of values (involve
binary 1 and/or 0)

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 Classification Of Signals

3. Real And Complex Signals

The identification is based on Vertical and Horizontal: Y-Axis and X-Axis

or AMPLITUDE and TIME

X(t) is a complex quantity and has : Important class of signals is complex

‡ A real and imaginary part or exponentials:
equivalently ‡ CT signals of the form ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௦௧
‡ A magnitude and a phase angle ‡ DT signals of the form ‫ ݊ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݖ‬௡
Where z and s are complex numbers.

4. Deterministic And Random Signals

The identification is based on PATTERN of the signal

‡ The signal is fixed and can

be determined
‡ Can be represented in
mathematic form since the
present, past and future
Deterministic Signals values can be predicted
based on the equation

‡ A signal take random values

‡ Cannot be put in
mathematic form

Random Signals

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 Classification Of Signals

5. Periodic And Non-Periodic Signals

The identification is based on REPETITIVE of the signal

CT

DT

Non-Periodic Signal also known as Aperiodic Signal.

Differences between Periodic and Non-Periodic Signal

Periodic Signals Non-Periodic Signals

A signal which repeats itself after a
specific interval of time
A signal that repeats it pattern
over a period
They can be represented by a
mathematical equation
Their value can be determined at
any point of time
They are deterministic signals
A signal which does not repeat
itself after a specific interval of time
A signal that does not repeats its
pattern over a period
They cannot be represented by
any mathematical equation
Their value cannot be determined
with certainty at any given point of
time
They are random signals

Example: sine cosine square Example: sound signals from radio,

sawtooth etc all types of noise signals

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 Classification Of Signals

6. Even And Odd Signals

The identification is based on SYMMETRICAL of the signal

Even Signals Odd Signals

‫ ݔ‬െ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

‫ ݔ‬െ‫ ݐ‬ൌ െ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ
CT

‫ݔ‬ሾെ݊ሿ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ ‫ ݔ‬െ݊ ൌ െ‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ

DT

Double symmetrical operations:

Symmetrical at
1. First at horizontal (or vertical)
vertical axis
2. Then at vertical (or horizontal)

Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a Note:

Sum product of two signal
sum of two signals, one of which is even and ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ ݐ‬ൈ ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ݐ‬
one of which is odd. That is, ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ ݐ‬ൈ ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ݐ‬
‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ ݐ‬ൈ ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ݐ‬
‫ ݐ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ ݐ‬ൈ ‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ݐ‬
‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ ൌ ‫ݔ‬௘ ሾ݊ሿ ൅ ‫ݔ‬௢ ሾ݊ሿ
Where
ଵ
‫ݔ‬௘ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ଶ ሼ‫ ݐ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݔ‬െ‫ ݐ‬ሽ even part of ‫ݐ ݔ‬
ଵ
‫ݔ‬௢ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ଶ ሼ‫ ݐ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬െ‫ ݐ‬ሽ odd part of ‫ݐ ݔ‬
ଵ
‫ݔ‬௘ ሾ݊ሿ ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሾെ݊ሿሽ
ଶ
even part of ‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ
ଵ
‫ݔ‬௢ ሾ݊ሿ ൌ ଶ ሼ‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ െ ‫ݔ‬ሾെ݊ሿሽ odd part of ‫ݔ‬ሾ݊ሿ

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 TYPES OF SIGNAL

A. Continuous-Time Signals

i. Unit Step Function

ii. Unit Impulse Function

iii. Complex Exponential Signals

iv. Sinusoidal Signal

v. Arbitrary Signals

B. Discrete-Time Signals

i. Unit Step Sequence

ii. Unit Impulse Sequence

iii. Complex Exponential Signals

iv. Sinusoidal Signal

v. Arbitrary Signals

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 Classification Of Signals

Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal

Unit Step Function Unit Step Sequence

The unit step function ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ , also The unit step sequence ‫ݑ‬ሾ݊ሿ,
known as the Heaviside unit
function
ͳ ݊൒Ͳ
‫ݑ‬ሾ݊ሿ ൌ ቊ
Ͳ ݊൏Ͳ
ͳ ‫ݐ‬൐Ͳ
‫ ݐ ݑ‬ൌቊ
Ͳ ‫ݐ‬൏Ͳ

The shifted unit step sequence

The shifted unit step function ‫ݑ‬ሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ
‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ‫ݐ‬଴ ሻ

ͳ ‫ ݐ‬൐ ‫ݐ‬଴ ͳ ݊൒݇

‫ݑ‬ሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ ൌ ቊ
‫ ݐ ݑ‬െ ‫ݐ‬଴ ൌ ቊ Ͳ ݊൏݇
Ͳ ‫ ݐ‬൏ ‫ݐ‬଴

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 Classification Of Signals

Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal

Unit Impulse Function Unit Impulse Sequence

The unit impulse function Gሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ, also The unit impulse sequence (or unit
known as the Dirac delta function sample) Gሾ݊ሿ
Ͳ ‫Ͳ്ݐ‬
ߜ ‫ ݐ‬ൌቊ ͳ ݊ൌͲ
λ ‫ݐ‬ൌͲ ߜ ݊ ൌቊ
Ͳ ്݊Ͳ
ஶ
න ߜ ‫ ݐ݀ ݐ‬ൌ ͳ
ିஶ

The shifted unit impulse sequence

Gሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ

ͳ ݊ൌ݇
The delayed delta function Gሺ‫ ݐ‬Ȃ ‫ݐ‬଴ ሻ ߜ ݊െ݇ ൌቊ
Ͳ ്݊݇
ஶ ஶ
න ‫׎‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻߜ ‫ ݐ‬െ ‫ݐ‬଴ ݀‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫׎‬ሺ‫ݐ‬଴ ሻ
ିஶ
‫ ݊ ݔ‬ൌ ෍ ‫ߜ ݇ ݔ‬ሾ݊ െ ݇ሿ
௞ୀିஶ

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 Classification Of Signals

Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal

Complex Exponential Signal Complex Exponential Signal

‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௝ఠబ ௧ ‫ ݊ ݔ‬ൌ ݁ ௝ :బ ௡

Euler’s Formula Euler’s Formula

‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݁ ௝ఠబ ௧ ൌ ܿ‫߱ݏ݋‬଴ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ݆‫߱݊݅ݏ‬଴ ‫ݐ‬ ‫ ݊ ݔ‬ൌ ݁ ௝:బ௡ ൌ ܿ‫ݏ݋‬:଴ ݊ ൅ ݆‫݊݅ݏ‬:଴ ݊

A signal x(t) is a real signal if its

value is a real number
A signal x(t) is a complex signal if
its value is a complex number.
ߙ൐ͳ
General complex signal x(t):

‫ ݐ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ݆‫ݔ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

where ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ and ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ are real

signals and ݆ ൌ െͳ ͳ൐ߙ൐Ͳ
t represents either a continuous or
a discrete variable.

Ͳ ൐ ߙ ൐ െͳ
Increasing signal

Decreasing signal ߙ ൏ െͳ

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 Classification Of Signals

Continuous-Time Signal Discrete-Time Signal

Sinusoidal Signal Sinusoidal Sequences Signal

‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫߱ ݏ݋ܿ ܣ‬଴ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߠ ‫ ݊ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ݏ݋ܿ ܣ‬:଴ ݊ ൅ ߠ

where Also can expressed as

A = amplitude (real)
߱଴ = radian frequency in radian ‫ ݏ݋ܿ ܣ‬:଴ ݊ ൅ ߠ ൌ ‫ ݁ ܴ݁ܣ‬௝:బ ௡ାఏ
per seconds
ߠ = phase angle in radians

Periodic Signal

Non-Periodic
ʹߨ Signal
Fundamental period : ܶ଴ ൌ
߱଴
ͳ
Fundamental frequency : ݂଴ ൌ
ܶ଴
Fundamental angular frequency : ߱଴ ൌ ʹߨ݂଴

Euler’s Formula for sinusoidal signal:

Real part:
‫߱ ݏ݋ܿ ܣ‬଴ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߠ ൌ ‫ ݁ ܴ݁ ܣ‬௝ఠబ ௧ାఏ

Imaginary part:
‫߱ ݊݅ݏ ܣ‬଴ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߠ ൌ ‫ ݁ ݉ܫ ܣ‬௝ఠబ ௧ାఏ

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