Classification Of Systems

Chapter 3

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

System is a mathematical model of a physical process that relates the input

(or excitation) signal to the output (or response) signal.

‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ܂‬
Where T is a transformation (or mapping) of x into y.

Continuous-time system :
If the input and output signals x and y are continuous-time signals

x(t)
System y(t)
Input Signal T Output Signal

Discrete-time system :
If the input and output signals are discrete-time signal or sequences

x[n]
System y[n]
Input Signal T Output Signal

System classification refers to how the system interacts with the input signal.
The interaction can be linear or non linear, time-varying or time-invariant, with
memory or memoryless and causal or non-causal.

22
 Classification Of Systems

Systems With Memory And Without Memory

Example 1
A Memoryless
A resistor R with the input ࢞ሺ࢚ሻ taken
System
as the current flow through the resistor
and the voltage taken as the output
The output at any time ࢟ሺ࢚ሻ is a potential different across the
resistor. The input-output relationship
depends on only the input at (Ohm's law) of a resistor is
that same time.
‫ ݐ ݕ‬ൌ ܴ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

‫ ݐ ݒ‬ൌ ܴ݅ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

Example 2

A capacitor C with the current as the A Memory

input ࢞ሺ࢚ሻ flow across the capacitor and System
the voltage as the output ࢟ሺ࢚ሻ is a
potential different through the capacitor.
The output at any
௧
ͳ
‫ ݐ ݕ‬ൌ න ‫߬݀ ߬ ݔ‬ time depends on the
‫ି ܥ‬ஶ
past or current
ஶ
ͳ
‫ ݐ ݒ‬ൌ න ݅ ‫ݐ݀ ݐ‬
‫ି ܥ‬ஶ

Example 3

௡
A discrete-time system whose input
and output sequences are related by ‫ ݊ ݕ‬ൌ ෍ ‫ݔ‬ሾ݇ሿ
௞ୀିஶ

23
 Classification Of Systems

Causal And Non-Causal Systems

Causal System Non-Causal System

The output at any time depends The output at any time

on the past or current only depends on future input.

i.e. the output only depends on the

input for values of ‫ ݐ‬൑ ‫ݐ‬଴
Causality is a property

The output only exists after an that is very similar to

memory
input was applied to the system

Most of the practical systems are causal

Linear System And Non-Linear Systems

Linear System

• Output is proportional to an input

• 3 properties of linear system
i. Additivity
ii. Scaling
iii. Superposition

24
 Classification Of Systems

Linear System And Non-Linear Systems

1. Additivity property

If ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

and ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

therefore ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

2. Scaling property

If ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

therefore ݇‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ݇ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ‫ݐ‬

3. Superposition property

If ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

and ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

therefore ݇ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ݇ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫݇ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ݇ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

Non-Linear System

Any system that does not satisfy properties of Linear System is

classified as a nonlinear system.

25
 Classification Of Systems

Time-Invariant System And Time-Varying Systems

Time-Invariant System Time-Varying System

Shifted output signal will A system which does not satisfy

produce if the input signal either continuous-time system or
had a time shifted discrete-time system

If A system in which certain

‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ Ÿ ݐ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ
quantities governing the system's
therefore ‫ ݐ ݔ‬െ ‫ݐ‬଴ Ÿ ‫ ݐ ݕ‬െ ‫ݐ‬଴
behavior change with time, so
that the system will respond
Its input output characteristics do not
differently to the same input at
change with time.
different times
Also known as Fixed Parameter System

Linear Time-Invariant Systems

If the system is linear and also time-invariant, then it is called a linear

time-invariant (LTI) system.

There are many well developed techniques for dealing with the response
of linear time invariant systems, such as Laplace and Fourier transforms

26
 Classification Of Systems

Stable Systems

A system is said to be bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stable if

and only if every bounded input results in a bounded output, otherwise it
is said to be unstable.

Feedback Systems

The output signal is fed back and added to the input to the system.

27
 4
Basic Signal
Operations
 Basic Signal Operations

After completion this chapter, student

should be able to:

9 Understand the transformation on

dependent variable

9 Understand the transformation on Learning

Outcome
independent variable

9 Apply the problem for

transformation on dependent and
independent variable

29
 Basic Signal Operations

Chapter 4

BASIC SIGNAL OPERATIONS

An important concept in signal and system analysis is the transformation of a

signal. A signal either continuous time or discrete time can be manipulated
by modifying or transforming its dependent (amplitude) or independent (time)
variable. Multiple transformations can be applied to a signal in a certain
sequence to manipulate it in a particular way. The sequence of time
transformations is significant.

Types of Transformation Signals

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

(Amplitude) (Time)

a. Amplitude Scaling a. Time Scaling

b. Addition b. Time Inversion (Reflection)
c. Multiplication c. Time Shifting
d. Differentiation
e. Integration

Remember !!!
affects only
1. time transformation time parameter
affects only
2. amplitude transformation amplitude.

30
 Basic Signal Operations

Transformation on Dependent variable (amplitude)

1. Amplitude Scaling
The identification is based on Vertical: Y-Axis or AMPLITUDE

ܻሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ Dܺሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ
. D δͳÎ •‹‰ƒŽ‹•ƒ––‡—ƒ–‡† D εͳÎ •‹‰ƒŽ‹•ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
x(t) y1(t) y2(t)
Dt = 1.5
Dt = 0.5 1.5
1 1
1
0.5

0 Zt 0 Zt 0 Zt

-1 -1 -1

-1.5
(a) (b) (c)

2. Addition
The identification is based on ADDITION AMPLITUDE of two signal

ܻሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܺͳሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ܺʹሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

(a) (b) (c)

31
 Basic Signal Operations

3. Multiplication

The identification is based on MULTIPLICATION AMPLITUDE of two signal

ܻሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܺͳሺ‫ݐ‬ሻܺʹሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ

(a) (b) (c)

4. Differentiation

The identification is based on DIFFERENTIATION AMPLITUDE of signal

݀
 ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ܺሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ
݀‫ݐ‬

(a) (b) (c) (d)

32
 Basic Signal Operations

5. Integration

The identification is based on INTEGRATION AMPLITUDE of signal

௧
ܻ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ න ܺሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ†–
ିஶ

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Transformation on Independent variable (time)

The periodicity of the signal is varied by modifying the horizontal axis values,
while the amplitude or the strength remains constant.

1. Time Scaling

The identification is based on DIVIDE X-Axis with a CONSTANT

ܻሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܺሺߚ‫ݐ‬ሻ

(a) (b) (c)

33
 Basic Signal Operations

2. Time Inversion or Reflection

The identification is based on MIRROR at Vertical: Y-Axis or AMPLITUDE

Y(t) = X(-t) or Y(-t) = X(t)

(a) (b)

3. Time Shifting

The identification is based on MOVING the WHOLE SIGNAL along TIME-

axis by a CONSTANT

Y(t) = X(t - t0)

Y1(t) Y2(t)
X(t)

(a) (b) (c)

A time delay or advances the signal in time by a time interval +t0 or -t0
without changing its shape.
i. If t0 is positive, the signal of y(t) is obtained by shifting x(t) toward
the relative to the x-axis (Delay) ܻͳሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܺሺ‫ ݐ‬െ ͵ሻ ൌ ܺሺ‫ ݐ‬Ȃ ሺ൅͵ሻሻ

ii. If t0 is negative, x(t) is shifted to the left (Advances)

ܻʹሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ܺሺ‫ ݐ‬൅ Ͷሻ ൌ ܺሺ‫ ݐ‬Ȃ ሺെͶሻሻ

34
 Basic Signal Operations

II I
Remember !!!
Region of Signals

III IV

shifted

shifted

shifted

shifted

35