Abstract Open loop Control System Close loop control system

Here we are going to discuss about system, control system Simple system Complicated system
along with their classification, design of control system on Cheap/economical Expensive
basis of analysis and synthesis, frequency & time domain Easy to construct Difficult to construct
No feedback Feedback
representation of signal & basic input signals.
Inaccuracy Accuracy
Introduction Consume less power Consume more power
Set of component connected together to perform specific Stable system Generally unstable
task are called system and those system which can regulate Easy to implement Difficult to implement
are called control system. There are two type of system Less bandwidth Large bandwidth
closed (feedback) & open (no feedback). Feedback increase Diagram:
accuracy and reduce the effect of non-linearization. There
are many types of control system which are discussed here;
linear & non-linear, time variant and time invariant etc.
Designing of system is also an important, we use two
techniques design by analysis and by synthesis. We also
discussed about basic input like ramp, impulse, parabolic,
step & etc.
System
Set of component connected together to perform specific
task.

Types of feedback
1) Positive feedback
2) Negative feedback
Positive feedback
When output is added to input. Value going on increasing
Control and system will become unstable with time.
To regulate (To give Command). Negative feedback
Control System When output is subtracted to input. Value going on
Set of component connected together to regulate to decreasing and tends to zero.
perform specific task. Or to control output by varying the Characteristics of feedback
input.  Increased accuracy.
 Tendency towards oscillation/instability.
 Reduce sensitivity.
 Increase bandwidth.
 Reduce the effect of non-linearization.
Classification of control system
1) Analog & digital control system.
2) Linear & non-linear control system.
3) Time variant & time invariant control system.
4) Lumped parameter & distributed parameter.
5) Deterministic & stochastic control system.
Types of control system
1) Open loop 6) Static & dynamic control system.
2) Closed loop
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 7) Single input single output & multiple input
multiple output.
Analog & digital control system
A system whose parameter are analog or continuous are
called analog control system.
A system whose parameter are digital or discrete are called
digital control system.
Linear & non-linear control system
A system which obeys law of super position &
homogeneity are linear control system.
Note: super position; f (a+b)=f(a)+f(b)
Homogeneity; f*a(x)=a*f(x)
Those system which doesn’t obeys these laws are called
non-linear control system.
Time variant & time invariant control system
Those system whose parameters varies with time are called
time variant system.
Those system whose parameter not varies with time are
time invariant system.
Lumped parameter & distributed parameter
If a system is described by ordinary differential equation,
called lumped parameter.
If a system is described by partial differential equation,
called distributed.
Deterministic & stochastic control system
A system is called deterministic if its response is
predictable.
If response can’t predictable then stochastics, called
stochastic control system.
Static & dynamic control system
If system is depend upon present values (memory less) of
input it will be called static control system.
If system depends upon present and past (memory) values
of input it will be called dynamic control system.
Single input single output & multiple input multiple
output
If system is SISO (Single input single output) then called
Single input single output.
If system is MIMO (multiple input multiple output)
Then called multiple input multiple output.
Control system design
1) Design by analysis.
2) Design by synthesis.
Design by analysis
Just varying parameter to investigate the properties of
existing control system. We change input/parameters
while the circuit is already construct.
Design by synthesis
When different components connected together to perform
any specific task. Means to construct/reconstruct new
design.
Time Domain Analysis
The time-domain representation gives the amplitudes of
the signal at the instants of time during which it was
sampled. In simple words, when function vary with respect
to Time, it is called time domain function.
 To convert a time domain signal into frequency
domain, we use Laplace Transform
 Oscilloscope is used to analyze the time domain
signal.
Frequency Domain Analysis
When function vary with respect to Frequency, then it is
called frequency domain function.
 To convert a frequency domain signal into time
domain, we use Inverse Laplace Transform.
 Spectrum analyzer is used to analyze the frequency
domain signal.
Diagram
Basic input signals
Impulse signal
Denoted by δ(t).
Mathematical representation:
δ(t)=A when t=0
δ(t)=A when t≠0
When A=1, then it is called Unit Impulse signal.
Diagram

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Step signal
Denoted by u(t). Relationship between basic input signals
Mathematical representation: Impulse Step Ramp Parabolic
u(t)=A when t>=0 δ(t)=A u(t)=A when r(t)=At p(t)=At2 /2
u(t)=A when t<0 when t=0 t>=0 when t>=0 when t>=0
When A=1, then it is called Unit Step signal. δ(t)=A u(t)=A when r(t)=0 p(t)=0 when
when t≠0 t<0 when t<0 t<0

Diagram …………… Int. of impulse Int. of step Int. of ramp

Diff. of step Diff. of ramp Diff. of parabolic ………..

Ramp signal
Denoted by r(t).
Mathematical representation:
r(t)=At when t>=0
r(t)=0 when t<0
When A=1, then it is called Unit Ramp signal.
Diagram

Parabolic Signal
Denoted by p(t).
Mathematical representation:
p(t)=At2 /2 when t>=0
p(t)=0 when t<0
When A=1, then it is called Unit Parabolic Signal.
Diagram

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